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hadsurroundedhielfhanadvisoryboardofstateofficials；
calledthesenate
russiaentsorprovinces
roadsructedtoindustries
edpleasedthetsar；houtanyregard
forthepresenceofraaterialcanalsines
ountainsoftheeastinthislandofilliterates；
schoolsentsofhigherleaing；
togetherhuniversitiesandhospitalsandprofessional
senandartisans
frollovertheovetorussia
printingshopsustbefirstread
bytheierialcensorsthedutiesofeachclassofsociety
ofcivilandcrinallaheredintoaseriesofprinted
volustheoldrussianstusperial
deen；ardhscissors；ching
alltheuntryroads；ou
jikssuddenlyintoapleasingitationofsothshaven
europeans
inreligioustters；thetsartoleratednodivisionof
poustbenochanceofarivalrybetweenan
eerorandapopeashadhappenedineuropeintheyear
1721；peterdehielfheadoftherussianchurchthe
patriarosheholysynod
deitsappearanceasthehighestsourceofauthorityinall
ttersoftheestablishedchurch
sinsuldnotbesuccess
fulentshadarallyingpointinthe
toovehisgoventtoa
neidsttheunhealthyrshesofthebalticsea
thetsarbuiltthishelandin
theyear1703fortythousandpeasantsworkedforyears
tolaythefoundationsforthisierialcitytheswedes
attackedpeterandtriedtodestroyhistownandillnessand
serykilledtensofthousandsofthepeasantsbutthework
r；andthereadydetown
soonbegantogroheyear1712；itiallyde
perialresidenceadozenyearslater
ithad75；000inhabitantstheywas
floodedbythenevabuttheterrifichetsar
erdiedin1725heheohelargestcity
innortheeurope
ofurse；thissuddengrowthofsodangerousarivalhad
beenasourceofgreathis
side；peterhadanyadventuresof
hisbalticrival；thekingdofsheyear1654；
christina；theonlydaughterofgustavusadolphus；thehero
ofthethirtyyearshethroneandhad
goorotoendherdaysasadevoutcatholicaprotestant
nepheavusadolphushadsucceededthelast
queenofthehouseofvasaundercharlesxandcharles
xi；theneyhadbroughtsoitshighestpoint
ofdevelopntbutin1697；charlesxidiedsuddenlyand
een；charlesxii
thisontforanyofthenorthestates
hadedduringthegreatreligiousheseventeenth
century；stheexpenseofheeighbours
thetihade；sotheohought；tobalancetheacunt
atonceark
andsaxonyontheoneside；andsheother
theraiesofpeterrouslybeaten
byberof
theyear1700thenostinterestinglitary
geniusesofthaties
andfoineyearshehackedandbuedhishroughthe
villagesandarkandthebaltic
provinces；erdrilledandtrainedhissoldiersindistant
russia
asaresult；intheyear1709；inthebattleofpoltahe
svitesdestroyedtheexhaustedaresofswede
………………………………
第71节
ncharles
ntinuedtobeahighlypicturesquefigure；awonderfulhero
ofronce；butinhisvainattettohavehisrevenge；he
ruinedhisoryintheyear1718；heally
killedorassassinatedknohande
adein1721；inthetoadt；sall
ofherforrbalticpossessionsexceptfinlandthenew
russianstate；createdbypeter；hadbeetheleadingpower
ofnortheeuropebutalreadyanehe
ateakingshape
theriseofprussia
theextraordinaryriseofalittle
stateinadrearypartofnorthe
gey；calledprussia
thehistoryofprussiaisthehistoryofafrontierdistrict
intheninthcentury；charlegnehadtransferredtheold
thediterraneantothewildregions
ofnortheeuropehisfrankishsoldiershadpushed
thefrontierofeuropefurtherandfurthertoheeast
theyhadnquerednylandsfroheheathenishslavsand
lithuaniansheplainbethebaltic
seaandtheinistered
thoseoutlyingdistrictsjustastheunitedstatesused
toadnisterherterritoriesbeforetheyachievedthedignity
ofstatehood
thefrontierstateofbrandenburghadbeenoriginally
foundedbycharlegodefendhiseastepossessions
againstraidsoftheribesthe
tribeedthatregion；edduringthe
tenthcenturyandtheirrketplace；bythenaofbrennabor；
beetothenee
ofbrandenburg
duringtheeleventh；th；thirteenthandfourteenth
iliesexercisedthefunctionsof
ierialgoveorinthisfrontierstatefinallyinthe
fifteenthadeitsappear
anencedtochangea
sandyandforlofrontierterritoryintooneofthestefficient
eiresofthedeworld
thesehohenzolles；ovedfrobr 》
thehistoricalstagebythebinedforcesofeuropeand
arisouthegeytheywere
ofveryhuleorigininthethcenturyacertainfrederick
ofhohenzollehaddealuckyrriageandhadbeen
appointedkeeperoftheberghisdescendants
hadusedeveryprovetheir
poerseveralcenturiesofchfulgrabbing；they
hadbeenappointedtothedignityofeleegivento
thosesovereignprincesperors
oftheoldgeeireduringtherefortion；
theyhadtakenthesideoftheprotestantsandtheearly
seventeenthangthestpohe
northgeprinces
duringthethirtyyearshprotestantsand
catholicshadplunderedbrandenburgandprussiahequal
zealbutunderfrederick；thegreatelector；the
dageklyrepairedandbyaarefuluseof
alltheenocandintellectualforcesoftheuntry；astate
hereicallynoe
deprussia；astateinheindividualandhis
ionshavebeenentirelyabsorbedbythe
interestsofthenityasahisprussiadatesback
tothefatheroffrederickthegreatfrederickiwas
ahardoniousprussiansergeant；hagreat
loveforbarrootoriesandstrongdutchtobac；anintense
dislikeofallfrillsandfeathers；especiallyiftheywereof
frenchorigin；andpossessedofbutoneideathatideawas
dutysevereself；hetoleratednoweaknessinhis
subjects；nsoldiersthe
relationbetselfandhissonfrederickordial；
tosaytheleasttheboorishnnersofthefatheroffended
thefinerspiritofthesonthesonsloveforfrench
nners；literature；philosophyandsicedbythe
fatherasanifestationofsissynesstherefolloerrible
outbreakbetperantsfrederick
triedtoescapetoenglandheandurt
rtialedandforcedtonessthedecapitationofhisbest
friendthereuponaspartofhis
punishnt；theyoungprincetoalittlefortress
soheprovincestobetaughtthedetailsofhisfuture
busi