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intoserableslavesnorussianuldhopetosurviveun
lessheanwho
satinatentsoheheartofthesteppesofsouthe
russiaandspatathiitdeprivedthessofthepeopleof
allfeelingofhonourandindependenceitdehungerand
seryandltreatntandpersonalabusethenorlstate
ofhunexistenceuntilatlasttheaveragerussian；werehe
peasantooblen；abouthisbusinesslikeaneglected
dogensooftenthathisspirithasbeenbroken
andhedarenotission
thereenofthetartarkhan
ercilesstheendlessprairiedidnotgivea
nachancetocrossintothesafeterritoryofhisneighbour
hestkeepquietandbearasterdecided
toinfliorruntheriskofdeathofurse；europe
ghthaveinterferedbuteuropewasengageduponbusiness
ofitsoingthequarrelsbethepopeand
theeerororsuppressingthisorthatortheotherheresy
andsoeuropelefttheslavtohisfate；andforcedhio
hisoion
thefinalsaviourofrussiaanysllstates；
foundedbytheearlynorserulersituatedintheheart
oftherussianplainitscapital；seep
hillonthebanksofthesktleprincipality；
bydintofpleasingthetartaro
please；andopposinghidoso；had；
duringtheddleofthefourteenthcenturydeitselfthe
leaderofaneustbereeredthatthe
tartarsinnstructivepoliticalability
theyuldonlydestroytheirchiefainnqueringnew
territoriesoobtainrevenuetogetthisrevenueinthe
forftaxes；itnantsof
theoldpoliticalorganizationtontinuehencetherewere
nylittletohegraceofthegreatkhan；
thattheyghtactastaxgatherersandrobtheieighbours
forthebenefitofthetartartreasury
thestateofsattheexpenseofthe
surroundingterritory；finallybecastrongenoughtorisk
openrebellionagainstitssters；thetartarsitcessful
anditsfaastheleaderinthecauseofrussianindependence
deshenaturalcentreforallthosewho
stillbelievedinabetterfuturefortheslavicraceintheyear
1458；nstantinopleakenbytheturkstenyears
later；undertheruleofivaniii；sedthe
totheworldly
andspiritualinheritanpire；and
suaneireashadsurvivedin
nstantinopleagenerationafterheterrible；
thegranddukesofsrongenoughtoadoptthe
titleofandregnitionbythee
powersofeurope
intheyear1598；usvite
dynasty；desanrurik；cato
anendforthenextsevenyears；atartarhalfbreed；bythe
naofborisgodunowasduring
thisperiodthatthefuturedestinyofthelargessesofthe
russianpeoplepirehinland
butverypoorinneythereradeandtherewere
nofactoriesitsfeposed
ofastrongentandavastnuerof
illiteratepeasantsthisgovent；axtureofslavic；
norse；byzantineandtartarinfluences；regnisednothing
beyondtheinterestofthestatetodefendthisstate；it
neededanartogatherthetaxes；hessary
topaythesoldiers；itneededany
officialsitneededlandinthevastheeast
andditybut
landhoutafeotillthefieldsandtendthe
adicpeasants
ertheother；untilfinally；during
thefirstyearofthesixteenthcentury；theyally
deapartofthesoiluponheylivedtherussian
peasantsentheybecaserfsorslaves
andtheyreinedserfsuntiltheyear1861；heirfate
hadbeesoterriblethattheyodieout
intheseventeenthcentury；thisneatehitsgrowing
territorye
aforcehherestofeuropeo
reckonin1618；afterthedeathofborisgodunohe
russiannobleshadelectedoneoftheirobertobe
tsarheily
ofronotlehousejustoutsidethe
krein
intheyear1672hisgreatgrandson；peter；thesonofanother
feodor；hechildenyearsold；
hisstepsistersophiatookpossessionoftherussianthrone
thelittleboyospendhisdaysinthesuburbsof
thenationalcapital；heforeignerslivedsurrounded
bystchbarkeepers；dutchtraders；shecaries；italian
barbers；frenasters；
theyoungprinceobtainedafirstbutratherextraordinary
iressionofthatfaraysteriouseuropewhere
thingsly
whenheeenyearsold；hesuddenlypushed
sistersophiafrohethronepeterhielfbecatheruler
ofrussiahententedhbeingthetsarofa
sebarbarousandhalfasiatiustbethesovereign
headofacivilisednationtochangerussiaoveight
frobyzantiartarstateint
………………………………
第70节
oaeuropeaneirewasno
sllundertakingitneededstronghandsandacapable
headpeterpossessedbothintheyear1698；thegreat
operationofgraftingdeeuropeuponancientrussiawas
perfordthepatientdidnotdiebuthenevergotover
theshock；astheeventsofthelastfiveyearshaveshownvery
plainly
russiavssweden
russiaandsanyo
decideheleading
poheasteeurope
intheyear1698；tsarpetersetforthuponhisfirst
voyagetoeeuropehetravelledbywayofberlinand
ost
beendroedeboatintheduckpondof
hisfathersuntryhothispassionforained
totheendofhislifeinapracticalshowed
itselfinhisainsaccessto
theopensea
heunpopularandharshyoungrulerwasaway
froo；thefriendsoftheoldrussianos
tosasuddenrebellionang
hislifeguards；thestreltsiregint；forcedpetertohasten
hobythefastilheappointedhielfexecutionerin
chiefandthestreltsieredandkilledto
thelastnsistersophia；heheadofthe
rebellion；erandtheruleofpeterbe
ganineaestthissceneedintheyear1716when
peterhadgoneonhissendethe
reactionariesfolloheleadershipofpetershalfted
son；alexisagainthetsarretuedingreathastealexis
entodeathinhisprisoncellandthefriendsofthe
oldfashionedbyzantinearchedthousandsofdreary
lestotheirfinaldestinationinthesiberianleadnes
afterthat；nofurtheroutbreaksofpopulardisntenttook
plainpeace
itisnoteasytogiveyoualistofhisreforinchronological
orderthetsarhfurioushastehefollowed
nosysteheissuedhisdecreeshsuchrapiditythatitis
diffiedtofeelthateverything
thathadeverhappenedbeforeirelyhewhole
ofrussiathereforestbechangedhintheshortestpossible
tibehindayof
200；000nandanavyoffiftyshipstheoldsystefgovent
hadbeenabolishedoveightthedu；ovention
ofnobles；hadbeendisssedandinitsstead；thetsar
hadsurroundedhielfhanadvisoryboardofstateofficials；
calledthesenate
russiaentsorprovinces