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allianceofsheyear1661；
oneyandfair
proseslouisboughtupbothkingcharlesandtheswedish
estateshollandrayedbyheralliesandto
heroeintheyear1672thefrenchinvadedthelow
untriestheyrchedtotheheartoftheuntryfora
sendtithedikesheroyalsunof
franarshesthepeace
ofnilednothingbut
relyanticipatedanotherwar
asend1689to1697；endingh
thepeaceofrysogivelouisthatpositionin
theaffairsofeuropetoy；
jandeurderedbythedutchrabble；buth
………………………………
第68节
is
suetinthelastchapter；
hadakefrancetherulerof
europe
thegreathespanishsuccession；beguninthe
year1701；iediatelyafterthedeathofcharlesii；thelast
ofthespanishhabsburgs；andendedin1713bythepeace
ofutrecht；reinedequallyundecided；butithadruinedthe
treasuryoflouisonlandthefrenchkinghadbeenvictorious；
butthenaviesofenglandandhollandhadspoiledall
hopeforanultitefrenchvictory；besidesthelongstruggle
hadgivenbirthtoaneentalprincipleofinteational
politics；adeitiossibleforone
singlenationtorulethehehe
e
thathesocalled‘‘balanceofpoa
tenlaforthreecenturiesithasbeenobeyedasclosely
asarethelaurethepeopleedtheidea
intainedthateurope；initsnationalistient；
uldonlysurvivehereshouldbeanabsolutebalance
ofthenynflictinginterestsoftheentirentinent
nosinglepousteverbealloo
donatetheothersduringthethirtyyearshe
habsburgshadbeenthevictioftheapplicationofthislaw
they；hostheissuesduring
thatstrugglerife
thataintendencies
ofthatgreatnflieon；osee
hoisiderationsandcalculationsprevailin
allttersofinteationaliortancehe
developntofanean；thestatesnhthe
personalfeelingsoftheslideruleandthecashregisterjan
dethefirstsuccessfulexponentofthisnehool
ofpoliticsiiihefirstgreatpupilandlouis
xiveandglory；
therehavebeennyotherssince
theriseofrussia
thestoryofthesterioussvite
eireupon
thegrandpoliticalstageofeurope
intheyear1492；asyouknobusdisveredarica
earlyintheyear；atyrolesebythenaofschnups；
travellingastheheadofascientificexpeditionforthe
archbishopoftyrol；andprovidedhthebestletters
ofintroduythical
toossucceedhe
frontiersofthisvastsvitestatehwasvaguelysupposed
toexistintheextreeastepartofeurope；hewas
firytuedbacknoforeignersedand
schnupstovisittheheathenturkinnstantinople；in
orderthatheghthavesothingtoreporttohisclerical
sterebackfroisexplorations
sixtyoneyearslater；richardchancellor；tryingtodisver
thenortheastepassagetotheindies；andblownby
anillouthofthedwina
andfoundthesvitevillageofkholgory；afewhours
frohespothetohangelwasfounded
thistitheforeignvisitorse
tosselvestothegranddukethey
rcialtreaty
evecludedbetheeher
nationssoonfolloethingbecaknohis
steriousland
geographically；russiaisavastplaintheuraluntains
arelonobarrieragainstinvadersthe
riversarebroadbutoftenshalloerritoryfor
nods
aneireerand
disappearedagain；slavictribes；their
hosincentralasia；lesslythroughtheforests
andplainsoftheregionbethedniesteranddnieper
riversthegreekshadsotisttheseslavsandafew
travellersofthethirdandfourth
otherheytleknohenevadaindians
intheyear1800
unfortunatelyforthepeaitivepeoples；a
verynvenienttraderouteranthroughtheiruntrythis
ainroadfroortheeuropetonstantinople
itfolloheastofthebalticuntilthenevahed
thenitcrossedlakeladogaandsouthhe
volkhovriverthenthroughlakeilnandupthesll
lovatriverthenthereportageuntilthednieper
hednieperintotheblacksea
thenorsenknehisroadataveryearlydatein
theninthcenturytheybegantosettleinnortherussia；just
asotheorsenhefoundationforindependent
statesingeyandfrancebutintheyear862；three
norsen；brothers；all
dynastiesofthethreebrothers；onlyone；rurik；livedfora
nuerofyearshetookpossessionoftheterritoryofhis
brothers；andtyyearsafterthearrivalofthisfirst
norsen；aslavicstatehadbeenestablishedhkievasits
capital
froievtotheblackseaisashortdistancesoonthe
existeneknownin
nstantinoplethisantanehezealous
ssionariesofthechristianfaithbyzantinenksfollohe
dnieperontheirhheheartof
russiatheyfoundthepeoplerangegods
ountain
cavestheytaughtthehestoryofjesustherewas
nopetitionfrohesideofronssionariesthese
goodnoobusyeducatingtheheathenteutonsto
botheraboutthedistantslavshencerussiareceiveditsreligion
anditsalphabetanditsfirstideasofartandarchitecture
frohebyzantinenksandasthebyzantineeirea
reliftheeasteroneirehadbeeveryoriental
andhadlostnyofitseuropeantraits；therussianssuffered
innsequence
politicallyspeakingtheseneatesofthegreatrussian
plainsdidnotfarehenorsehabittodivide
everyinheritanceequallyangallthesonsnosoonerhad
asllstatebeenfoundedbutitongeight
oineheirsulefttheirterritorytoaneverincreasing
nuerofdescendantsitall
petingstatesshouldquarrelangtheelvesanarchy
heorderofthedayandheredgloheeaste
horizontoldthepeopleofthethreatenedinvasionofasavage
asiatictribe；thelittlestatesoooodivide
………………………………
第69节
d
torenderanysortofdefenceagainstthisterribleene
itheyear1224thatthefirstgreattartarinvasion
tookplaceandthatthehordesofjenghizkhan；thenqueror
ofadetheirfirst
appearanceintheiesennear
thekalkariverandrussiaerongolians
justassuddenlyastheyhadetheydisappeared
thirteenyearslater；in1237；hoheyretuedinless
thanfiveyearstheynqueredeverypartofthevastrussian
plainsuntiltheyear1380itrydonskoi；grand
dukeofsontheplainsofkulikovo；the
tartarsastersoftherussianpeople
allinall；ittooktherussiansturiestodeliver
theelvesfrohisyokeforayokeitost
offensiveandobjectionableoneittuedtheslavicpeasants
intoserableslavesnorussianuldhopetosurviveun