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hequalindifferencetoeverythingexcepttheirprofit；the
sailorsofelizabethhadcarriedtheenglishflagandthefa
oftheirvirginqueentothefourersofthesevenseas
anshakespearekeptherjestyasedat
ho；andthebestbrainsandthebestofenglandoperated
pttochangethefeudalinheritance
ofhenryviiiintoadenationalstate
intheyear1603theoldladydiedattheageofseventy
herusin；thegreatgrandsonofheroherhenry
viiandsonofrystuart；herrivalandene；succeeded
herasjasibythegraselfthe
rulerofauntryhefateofitsntinental
rivalsheeuropeanprotestantsandcatholicswere
killingeapttobreakthepowerof
theiradversariesandestablishtheexclusiveruleoftheirown
particularcreed；englandedat
leisureesofeitherlutheror
loyolaitgavetheislandkingdonenorusadvantagein
theingstruggleforlonialpossessionsitassuredengland
aleadershipininteationalaffairshatuntry
hasintaineduntilthepresentdaynoteventhedisastrous
adventurealdevelopnt
thestuarts；hetudors；were‘‘foreigners
inenglandtheydonotseeohaveappreciatedorunderstood
thisfactthenativehouseoftudoruldstealahorse；
butthe‘‘foreignstuartsalloolookatthe
bridlehoutcausinggreatpopulardisapprovaloldqueen
besshadruledherdoinsverychasshepleasedin
generalhoeant
neyinthepocketofthehonestandotherish
rchantshencethequeenhadbeenalhe
allliberties
takeneoftherightsandprerogativesofparliant
heulteriorbenefitsh
herjestysstrongandsuccessfulforeign
policies
outesntinuedthesapolicybuthe
laypical
ofhisgreatpredeercentinuedtobe
enuragedthecatholicsgrantedanyliberties
butiledpleasantlyuponenglandinaneffort
toestablishpeaesileback
thejorityoftheenglishpeopledidnotlikethis；but
jasheirkingandtheykeptquiet
soonthereesand
hisson；charlesi；intheyear1625both
firybelievedintheprincipleoftheir‘‘divinerightto
adnistertheirrealstheythoughtfithoutnsultingthe
heirsubjectstheideanehepopes；
orethanonehesuccessorsofthe
roneerorsorratheroftheronierialidealof
asingleandundividedstateveringtheentireknownworld；
hadalselvesandhadbeenpubliclyregnised
asthe‘‘viceregentsofchristuponearthnoone
questionedtherightofgodtorulethe
asanaturalresult；feuredtodoubttherightofthe
divine‘‘viethingandtodendthe
obedienassesbecausehehedirectrepresentative
oftheabsoluteruleroftheuniverseandresponsible
onlytoalghtygod
ationprovedsuccessful；those
rightserlyhadbeeninvestedinthepapacywere
takenoverbythenyeuropeansovereignse
protestantsasheadoftheiroionalordynastic
churchestheyinsisteduponbeing‘‘christsviceregents
itoftheiroerritorythepeopledidnotquestion
therightoftheirrulerstotakesuchasteptheyaccepted
it；justastheideaofarepresentative
systetheonlyreasonableandjust
forfgoventitisunfairthereforetostatethateither
lutheranisrcalvinisausedtheparticularfeelingof
irritationessoftandloudlyrepeated
assertionofhis‘‘divinerighttheresthavebeenother
groundsforthegenuineenglishdisbeliefinthedivineright
ofkings
thefirstpositivedenialofthe‘‘divinerightofsovereigns
hadbeenheardintheherlandsheestatesgeneral
abjuredtheirlahe
year1581‘‘theking；sotheysaid；‘‘hasbrokenhisntract
andthekingthereforeisdisssedlikeanyotherunfaithful
servantsincethen；thisparticularideaofakings
responsibilitiestoongnyofthe
nationsedtheshoresofthenorthseatheywere
inaveryfavourablepositiontheyhepoorpeople
intheheartofercyoftheir
rulersbodyguard；uldnotaffordtodis
inthedeepestdungeonofthe
nearestcastlebuttherchantsofhollandandengland
aintenanceof
greataresandnavies；ighty
；hadnosuchfeartheywerewilling
topitthe‘‘divinerightoftheirooneyagainst
the‘‘divinerightofanyhabsburgorbourbonorstuart
theyknehattheirguildersandshillingsuldbeatthe
cluyfeudalaresheonlyheking
theydaredtoact；nedtosuffer
insilenceorruntheriskofthescaffold
hestuartsbegantoannoythepeopleofengland
thattheyhadarighttodotheypleased
andnevedtheresponsibil
………………………………
第65节
ity；theenglishddleclasses
usedthehouseofnsastheirfirstlineofdefence
againstthisabuseoftheroyalpoo
giveinandthekingsentparliantaboutitsownbusiness
elevenlongyears；charlesiruledaloneheleviedtaxes
ostpeopleregardedasillegalandhenagedhis
britishkingdosifithadbeenhisoryestatehe
hadcapableassistantsandustsaythathehadtheurage
ofhisnvictions
unfortunately；insteadofassuringhielfofthesupport
ofhisfaithfulsttishsubjects；charlesbecainvolvedin
aquarreluchagainsthis
forcedbyhisneedforreadycash；charles
lastobligedtooreittin
aprilof1640andshoperitwasdissolved
afeentnvenedinnoveer
thisoneeers
understoodthatthequestionof‘‘goventbydivine
rightor‘‘goventbyparliantstbefoughtout
forgoodandalltheyattackedthekinginhischiefuncillors
andexetheyannouncedthat
theyselvestobedissolvedhouttheir
ober1；1641；theypresented
tothekinga‘‘grandrenstranceailed
aanygrievancesofthepeopleagainsttheirruler
esupportforhisoy
intheuntrydistricts；leftlondoninjanuaryof1642each
sideorganisedanarandpreparedforopenween
theabsolutepohecroheabsolutepower
ofparliantduringthisstruggle；thestpowerfulreligious
elentofengland；calledthepuritans；theywere
anglicansost
absolutelits；entsof
‘‘godlyn；ndedbyolivercrotheir
irondisciplineandtheirprofoundnfidenceintheholinessof
theirai；soonbeyofthe
oppositiontedafterthebattle
ofnaseby；in1645；hefledtostlandthest
totheenglish
therefollorigueandanuprising
ofthestchpresbyteriansagainsttheenglishpuritan
inaugustoftheyear1648afterthethreedaysbattleof
prestonpans；crodeanendtothissendcivilwar；
andtookedinburghaniredoffurther
talkandedhoursofreligiousdebate；haddecidedtoact