按键盘上方向键 ← 或 → 可快速上下翻页，按键盘上的 Enter 键可回到本书目录页，按键盘上方向键 ↑ 可回到本页顶部！
————未阅读完？加入书签已便下次继续阅读！
northegeybepire
ofcanutethegreatandthelastvestigesofindependence
disappeared
thedanes；intheurseofti；no
soonerhanithefourth
titheneieshedescendantsofanothertribe
ofnorsenhetenthcenturyhadinvaded
franandy；
dukeofnody；ehadlookedacrossthe
erhanenviouseye；crossedthechannelinoctober
oftheyear1066atth
………………………………
第63节
ebattleofhastings；onoctoberthe
fourteenthofthatyear；hedestroyedtheesofharold
ofhelastoftheanglosaxonkingsandestablished
hielfaskingofenglandbutneitheorhis
successorsofthehouseofanjouandplantageregarded
englandastheirtruehototheheislanderelya
partoftheirgreatinheritanceonthentinentasortof
lonyinhabitedbyratherbackthey
forcedtheiroiongraduallyhowever
the‘‘lonyofenglandgaineduponthe‘‘ther
untryofnodyatthesatithekingsof
francean
englishneighboursorethandisobedient
servantsofthefrenchcroeracenturyofwar
farethefrenchpeople；undertheleadershipofayounggirlby
thenaofjoanofartheir
soiljoanherself；takenaprisoneratthebattleofpiegne
intheyear1430andsoldbyherburgundiancaptorstothe
englishsoldiers；chbuttheenglish
nevergainedfootholduponthentinentandtheirkingswere
atlastabletodevotealltheirtitotheirbritishpossessions
asthefeudalnobilityoftheislandhadbeenengagedinoneof
thosestrangefeudsnintheddleages
asaslesandsllpox；andasthegreaterpartoftheold
landedproprietorshadbeenkilledduringthesesocalledwars
oftheroses；iteeasyforthekingstoincreasetheir
royalpoheendofthefifteenthcentury；england
ronglycentraliseduntry；ruledbyhenryvii
ofthehouseoftudor；ousurtofjustice；the
‘‘starery；suppressedallattets
onthepartofthesurvivingnoblestoregaintheiroldinfluence
uponthegoventoftheuntryostseverity
intheyear1509henryviiceededbyhisson
henryviii；andfrohatntonthehistoryofengland
gainedaneportancefortheuntryceasedtobea
diaevalislandandbecaadestate
henryhadnodeepinterestinreligionhegladlyuseda
privatedisagreentany
divorselfindependentofroandke
thechurchofenglandthefirstofthose‘‘nationalisticchurches
inhesasthespiritualheadofhis
subjeationof1034notonlygave
thehouseoftudorthesupportoftheenglishclergy；who
foralongtihadbeenexposedtotheviolentattaany
lutheranpropagandists；butitalsoincreasedtheroyalpower
throughthenfiserpossessionsofthe
nasteriesatthesatiitdehenrypopularhthe
rchantsandtradespeople；heproudandprosperous
inhabitantsofanislandtherestof
europebyadislikefor
everything‘‘foreignanddidnotanitalianbishoptorule
theirhonestbritishsouls
in1517henrydiedheleftthethroohissllson；
agedtentheguardiansoftheode
lutherando
buttheboydiedbeforeheeen；andceeded
byhissisterry；thewifeofphilipiiofspain；who
buedthebishopsoftheneionalchurchandinother
pleofherroyalspanishhusband
fortunatelyshedied；intheyear1558；andceeded
byelizabeth；thedaughterofhenryviiiandanneboleyn；
thesendofhissixhehaddecapitatedwhenshe
nolongerpleasedhielizabeth；etiin
prison；andtherequestofthe
holyroneeror；ostrdialeneofeverything
catholicandspanishshesharedherfathersindifference
inthetterofreligionbutsheinheritedhisabilityasa
veryshreer；andspentthefortyfiveyears
ofherreigninstrengtheningthepohedynastyandin
inerryislands
inthissheostablyassistedbyanuerofnwho
gatheredaroundherthroneanddetheelizabethanagea
periodofsuchiortancethatyououghttostudyitindetail
inoneofthespecialbooksofellyouinthe
bibliographyattheendofthisvolu
elizabeth；hofeelentirelysafeuponher
throneshehadarivalandaverydangerousonery；
ofthehouseofstuart；daughterofafrenchduchessanda
sttishfather；isiioffranceand
daughterinlaediciwhohadorganised
therdersofsaintbartholootherof
alittleboyethefirststuartking
ofenglandshecatholicandawillingfriend
tothoseiesofelizabethherok
ofpolitiethodsployed
topunishhercalvinisticsubjects；causedarevolutioninstland
andforcedrytotakerefugeonenglishterritoryfor
eighteenyearsshereinedinengland；plottingforeverand
adayagainsttheanerandwho
lastobligedtofolloheadviceofhertrusteduncilors
‘‘tocutteoffthesttishqueensheade
theheadteoffintheyear1587andcaused
abinednaviesofenglandand
hollanddefeatedphilipsinvinciblearda；aswehavealready
seen；andthebloeanttodestroythe
pohetanticatholicleadersuedintoa
profitablebusinessadventure
fooanyyearsofhesitation；theenglish
ashedutchthoughtittheirgoodrighttoinvade
theindiesandaricaandavengetheillsheirprotes
tentbrethrenhadsufferedatthehandsofthespaniardsthe
englishhadbeenangtheearliestsubus
britishships；ndedbytheveianpilotgiovannicaboto
orcabot；hadbeenthefirsttodisverandexplorethe
northearicanntinentin1496labradorandnewfoundland
portanceasapossiblelonybut
thebanksofneothe
englishfishingfleetayearlater；in1497；thesacabot
hadexploredtheastofflorida
thenhadethebusyyearsofhenryviiandhenry
viiioneyforforeignexplorations
butunderelizabeth；ary
stuartinprison；thesailorsuldleavetheirharbourhout
fe
………………………………
第64节
arforthefateofthosetheyleftbehindh
illachild；uredtosailpastthe
northcapeandoneofhiscaptains；richardchancellor；pushing
furthereastofapossibleroadtotheindies；
hadreachedarchangel；russia；ablished
diploticandrcialrelationsysteriousrulers
ofthisdistantsviteeireduringthefirstyearsof
elizabethsrulethisvoyagehadbeenfolloany
othersrchantadventurers；hebenefitofa
‘‘jointstockpanyhadlaidthefoundationsoftrading
panieselonies
halfpirate；halfdiplot；ostakeeverythingona
singleluugglersofeverythingthatuldbe
loadedintotheholdofavessel；dealersinnandrchandise
hequalindifferencetoeverythingexcepttheirprofit；the
sailorsofelizabethhadcarriedtheen