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longer
inlessthanagenerationittuednypartsofcentral
europeintoahehungrypeasantsfought
forthecarcassofadeadhorsehtheevenhungrierwolf
fivesixthsofallthegetoroyed
thepalatinate；inany；wasplundered
tesandapopulationofeighteenllion
peopleillion
thehostilitiesbeganalstassoonasferdinandiiof
thehouseofhabsburghadbeenelectedeerorhewas
theproduostcarefuljesuittrainingandost
obedientanddevoutsonofthechurchthevohhehad
deasayoungn；thatheeallsectsand
allheresiesfroisdoins；ferdinandkepttothebestof
hisabilitytion；hischiefopponent；
frederick；theprotestantelectorofthepalatinateanda
soninlaesiofengland；hadbeendekingof
bohea；indirectviolationofferdinandswishes
atoniathe
youngkinglookedinvainforassistanidable
enethedutchrepublihelp；but；
engagedinadesperatesohthespanishbranch
ofthehabsburgs；itulddolittlethestuartsinengland
oreinterestedinstrengtheningtheiroepower
athothanspendingneyandnuponaforloadventure
infaraiaafterastruggleofafeonths；
theelectorofthepalatinateains
othecatholichouseofbavariathishebeginning
ofthegreatwar
thenthehabsburgares；undertillyandein；
foughttheirany
untiltheyhadreachedtheshoresofthebalticacatholic
neighbourantseriousdangertotheprotestantkingof
denrkselfbyattacking
hiseneesbeforetheyhad
………………………………
第62节
beetoostrongforhithe
danisharesranybuted
einfollooryhsuchenergyandviolence
thatdenrkosueforpeaceonlyone
toainedinthehandsoftheprotestants
thatralsund
there；intheearlysueroftheyear1630；landedking
gustavusadolphusofthehouseofvasa；kingofsweden；
andfausasthenryagainst
therussiansaprotestantprinitedaition；
desirousofkingshecentreofagreatnorthe
eire；gustavusadolphusedbytheprotestant
princesofeuropeasthesaviourofthelutherancausehe
defeatedtilly；successfullybutcheredtheprotestant
inhabitantsofgdeburgthenhistroopsbegantheir
greatranyinanattetto
reachthehabsburgpossessionsinitalythreatenedinthe
rearbythecatholics；gustavussuddenlyveeredaroundand
defeatedtheinhabsburgarinthebattleoflutzen
unfortunatelythesrayed
ahistroopsbutthehabsburgpowerhadbeen
broken
ferdinand；ofperson；atonce
begantodistrusthisonder
inchief；urderedathisinstigationhe
catholicbourbons；edtheirhabsburg
rivals；heardofthis；theyjoinedtheprotestantswedes
thearesoflouisxiiiinvadedtheeastepartofgey；
andturenneandndeaddedtheirfatothatof
banerandar；thesurdering；pillaging
andbuinghabsburgpropertythisbroughtgreat
faandrichestothese
envioustheprotestantdanesthereupondeclaredwarupon
theprotestantshealliesofthecatholic
french；icalleader；thecardinalderichelieu；had
justdeprivedthehuguenotsorfrenchprotestantsofthose
rightsofpublicheedictofnantesoftheyear
1598hadguaranteedthe
theerthehabitofsuchenunters；didnotdecide
anything；etoanendhthetreatyofphalia
in1648thecatholicpoainedcatholicand
theprotestantpoayedfaithfultothedoctrinesof
lutherandcalvinandzchprotestants
republicsfrance
kepttheetzandtoulandverdunandapartofthe
alsaaneirentinuedtoexistasasort
ofscarecroen；oney；houthope
andhouturage
theonlygoodthethirtyyearsplishedwasa
negativeoneitdisuragedbothcatholicsandprotestants
frovertryingitagainhenceforththeylefteachotherin
peacethishoeanthatreligiousfeelingand
theologithisearthonthe
ntrarythequarrelsbetholicandprotestant
catoanend；butthedisputesbethedifferentprotestant
sectsntinuedasbitterlyaseverbeforeinholland
adifferenceofopinionastothetruenatureofpredestination
averyobsportant
theeyesofyourgreatgrandfathercausedaquarrelh
endedhthedecapitationofjohnofoldenbaeveldt；the
dutchstatesn；hesuccessof
therepublicduringthefirsttyyearsofitsindependence；
andhegreatorganisinggeniusofherindiantrading
panyinengland；thefeudledtocivilwar
butbeforeitellyouofthisoutbreakothefirst
executionbyprocessoflato
saysothingabouttheprevioushistoryofenglandinthis
bookiaryingtogiveyouonlythoseeventsofthepast
hrouponthenditionsofthepresent
entioncertainuntries；thecauseisnot
tobefoundinanyseypartihati
uldtellyouhappenedtonorzerlandand
serbiaandchinabuttheselandsexercisednogreatinfluence
uponthedevelopntofeuropeinthesixteenthand
seventeenthbyhapolite
andveryrespectfulbo
positionallislandhavedoneduring
thelastfivehundredyearshasshapedtheurseofhistory
ineveryerofthehoutaproperknowledgeof
thebackgroundofenglishhistory；youcannotunderstand
youreadintheneisthereforenecessary
thatyouknoentary
forfgoventherestoftheeuropeanntinent
onarchs
theenglishrevolution
hohestrugglebethe‘‘divine
rightofkingsandthelessdivine
butrereasonable‘‘rightof
parliantendeddisastrouslyfor
kingcharlesii
caesar；theearliestexplorerofnortheeurope；had
crossedthechannelintheyear55bcandhadnquered
englandduringfourcenturiestheuntrythenreined
aronprovincebuthebarbariansbeganto
threatenro；thegarrisonsthefrontier
thattheyghtdefendthehountryandbritannia
entandhoutprotection
assoonasthisbecaknoongthehungrysaxon
tribesofnorthegey；theysailedacrossthenorthsea
anddetheelvesathointheprosperousislandthey
foundedanuerofindependentanglosaxonkingdo
socalledaftertheoriginalanglesorenglishandthesaxon
invadersbutthesesllstatesh
eachotherandnokingself
astheheadofauniteduntryforrethanfivehundred
years；rbriaandwessexandsussex
andkentandeastanglia；ores；were
exposedtoattacksfroariousscandinavianpiratesfinally
intheeleventhcentury；england；togetherhnorwayand
northegeybepire
ofcanutethegreatandthelastvestigesofindependence
disappeared
thedanes；intheurseofti；no