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andtooknoasurestosavetheirsoulshein
hisdutytotheinquisitiontotheherlands
andbuedhissubjectsatthestake；hehe
greaterpartofhisine
beinganofuncertainatedalong
tihetriedkindnessandstenessandprosesand
threatsthehollandersreinedobstinate；andntinuedto
singpsalandlistentothesesoftheirlutheranand
calvinistpreachersphilipinhisdespairsenthis‘‘nof
iron；thedukeofalba；tobringthesehardenedsinnersto
teralbabeganbydecapitatingthoseleaders
theuntrybeforehisarrivalintheyear1572
thesayearthatthefrenchprotestantleaderswereall
killedduringtheterriblenightofsaintbartholow；he
attaassacredtheinhabitants
asanexalefortheothersthenextyearhelaidsiege
tothetoanufacturingcenterofholland
anallprovincesofthenorthe
herlandshadfordadefensiveunion；thesocalledunion
ofutrean
princeperor
yandasnderof
theirfreebootingsailors；hebeggarsof
thesea；tosaveleyden；cutthedykes；createda
shallohetohthehelpofa
strangelyequippednavynsistingofsed
bargeshroughthe
duntiltheyreachedthecitywalls
itethatanaroftheinvinciblespanish
kinghadsufferedsuchahuliatingdefeatitsurprisedthe
ukden；intherussian
japaneseiontheprotestant
poeansfor
thepurposeofnqueringhisrebellioussubjectshehired
apoorhalfurderof
orangebutthesightoftheirdeadleaderdidnotbringthe
sevenprovinadethebr 》
furiouslyangryintheyear1581；theestatesgeneralthe
etingoftherepresentativesofthesevenprovincesca
togetheratthehagueandstsolelyabjuredtheir
‘‘selvesassudtheburden
ofsovereigntyhusfarhadbeeninvestedintheir
‘‘kingbythegraceofgod
thisisaveryiortanteventinthehistoryofthegreat
struggleforpoliticallibertyitephreached
chfurtherthantheuprisingofthenoblesh
thesigningofthegnacartathesegoodburgherssaid
‘‘betsthereisasilentunderstanding
thatbothsidesshallperforertainservicesandshall
regnisecertaindefinitedutiesifeitherpartyfailstolive
uptothisntract；theotherhastherighttonsideritter
natedthearicansubjectsofkinggeorgeiiiin
theyear1776ilaclusionbuttheyhadthree
thousandlesofoceanbetselvesandtheirruler
andtheestatesgeneraltooktheirdecisioneanta
slohincaseofdefeathinhearingofthespanish
gunsandalthoughinnstantfearofanavengingspanish
fleet
thestoriesaboutasteriousspanishfleetthatonquer
bothhollandandengland；estantqueen
elizabethhadsuccee
………………………………
第61节
dedarywasanold
oneforyearsthesailorsoftheerfronthadtalked
aboutitintheeightiesofthesixteenthcentury；the
ruurtookadefiniteshapeacrdingtopilotswhohad
beeninlisbon；allthespanishandportuguesewharveswere
buildingshipsandinthesoutheherlandsinbelgiubr 》
thedukeofparingalargeexpeditionary
forostendtolondonandaterdabr 》
assoonasthefleetshouldarrive
intheyear1586thegreatardasetsailforthenorth
buttheharboursofthefleshastkadedbya
dutchfleetandthechannelheenglish；and
thespaniards；accustodtothequieterseasofthesouth；did
notknoonavigateinthissquallyandbleaknorthe
cliteadaonceittacked
byshipsandbystorineednottellyouafewships；by
sailingaroundireland；escapedtotelltheterriblestoryof
defeattheothersperishedandlieatthebottofthenorth
sea
tuaboutisfairplaythebritishnodthedutchprot
estantsnoy
beforetheendofthean；hthehelpofa
booklettenbylinschotenahollanderwhohadbeenin
theportugueseservice；hadatlastdisveredtherouteto
theindiesasaresultthegreatdutcheastindiapany
aticheportugueseand
spanishloniesinasiaandafricawasbeguninallseriousness
ithisearlyeraoflonialnquestthata
curiouslaoutinthedutchurtsearlyin
theseventeenthcenturyadutchcaptainbythenaofvan
heekerk；anadehielffausasthehead
ofanexpeditionriedtodisverthenortheaste
passagetotheindiesandaeronthefrozen
shoresoftheislandofnovazela；hadcapturedaportuguese
shipinthestraitsoflaberthat
thepopehaddividedtheotwoequalshares；oneof
othespaniardsandtheothertothe
portuguesetheportuguesequitenaturallyregardedthe
erheirindianislandsaspartoftheir
oont；theyatwar
edthatthe
captainofaprivatedutchtradingpanyhadnorightto
entertheirprivatedoinandstealtheirshipsandthey
broughtsuitthedirectorsofthedutcheastindiapany
hiredabrightyounglaeofdegrootor
grotius；todefendtheircasehedetheastonishingplea
thattheoceanisfreetoallersonceoutsidethedistance
thelandcanreach；theseais
oracrdingtogrotiusoughttobe；afreeandopenhighway
toalltheshipsofallnationsitethatthis
startlingdoctrinehadbeenpubliclypronouncedinaurt
oflaheotherseafaringpeopleto
unteraouspleaforthe‘‘re
liberuor‘‘opensea；johnselden；theenglishn；
oustreatiseuponthe‘‘reclausur‘‘closed
seareatedofthenaturalrightofasovereigntoregard
theseasryasbelongingtohisterritory
intionthisherebecausethequestionhadnotyet
beendecidedandduringthelastsof
difficultiesandplications
toretutotheweenspaniardandhollander
andenglishn；beforetost
valuableloniesoftheindiesandthecapeofgoodhopeand
ceylonandthosealongtheastofchinaandevenjapanwere
inprotestanthandsin1621apanywas
foundedericabuilt
afortresscallednieusterdattheuthoftheriver
heyear1609
thesenehenglandandthedutch
republictosuchanextentthattheyuldhireforeignsoldiers
todotheirfightingonlandselves
tortheprotestantrevoltant
independenanyotherpartsof
europeitantasuccessionofhorrorsparedtohe
lastildexcursionofkindlysundayschoolboys
thethirtyyearsheyear1618
andoustreatyofphaliain1648
heperfectlynaturalresultofacenturyofeverincreasing
religioushatrediterriblewareverybody
foughteverybodyelseandthestruggleendedonlywhen
allpartieshadbeenthoroughlyexhaustedanduldfightno
longer
inlessthanagenerationittuednypartsofcentral
europeintoa