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instatesnshipliketheflorentinehistorian；niclo
cchiavelli；thenhe‘‘expressedhielfinhisbooksh
revealedhisoateandanefficient
rulerifontheotherhandhehadalikingforpainting；he
‘‘expressedhisloveforbeautifullinesandlovelyloursin
thepicturesadethenasofgiotto；fraangeli；
rafaelandathousandothershouseholdwordswherever
peoplehaveleaedtocareforthosethingshexpress
atrueandlastingbeauty
ifthisloveforlourandlinehappenedtobebinedh
aninterestinchanicsandhydraulics；theresultwasaleonardo
davinci；entedh
hisballoonsandflyingchines；drainedthershesofthe
loardianplainsand‘‘expressedhisjoyandinterestinall
thingsbethinprose；inpainting；in
sculptureandincuriouslynceivedenginesanof
giganticstrength；likechaelangelo；foundthebrushand
thepalettetoosoftforhisstronghands；hetuedtosculpture
andtoarchitecture；andhackedthestterrificcreaturesout
ofheavybloarbleanddreheplansforthechurch
ofstpeter；thestncrete‘‘expressionoftheglories
ofthetriuhantchurchandsoit
allitalyandverysoonallofeuropeh
nandenightaddtheirteto
thesuotalofouracculatedtreasuresofknowledgeand
beautyandingey；intheainz；johann
zuansefleisch；nlyknoenberg；had
justinventedaneethodofpyingbookshehadstudied
theoldbyhindividual
lettersofsoftleaduldbeplacedinsuchahat
theyfordistrue；hesoonlost
allhisneyinalaodohtheoriginal
inventionofthepresshediedinpoverty；butthe‘‘expression
ofhisparticularinventivegeniuslivedafterhi
soonaldusinveniceandetienneinparisandplantinin
antheh
carefullyeditededitionsoftheclassicsprintedinthegothic
lettersofthegutenbergbible；orprintedintheitaliantype
hisbook；orprintedingreekletters；orin
hebrew
thentheetheeageraudienceofthose
ethingtosaythedaywhenleainghadbeen
anopolyofaprivilegedfeetoanendandthe
lastexthisworld；when
elzevierofhaarleegantoprinthischeapandpopular
editionsthenaristotleandplato；virgilandhoraceand
pliny；allthegoodlypanyoftheancientauthorsand
philosophersandsansfaithful
friendinexhad
deallnfreeandequalbeforetheprintedword
thegreatdisveries
butnohatpeoplehadbroken
throughthebondsoftheiarrow
diaevallitations；theyhadto
havererooortheirwanderings
theeuropeanworldhad
groallfortheiraitions
iteofthegreat
voyagesofdisvery
thecrusadeshadbeenalessonintheliberalartoftravelling
butveryfeuredbeyondthewell
knovenicetojaffeinthe
thirteentherchantsofvenice；
hadongoliandesertandafter
oon；theyhadfoundtheir
ighty
eerorofe
ofr；hadtenabookabouttheiradventures；h
veredaperiodofrethantyyearstheastonished
hisdescriptionsofthegoldentowersof
thestrangeislandofzipangu；alianwayof
spellingjapannypeoplehadedtogoeast；that
theyghtfindthisgoldlandandgrothetripwas
toofarandtoodangerousandsotheystayedatho
ofurse；thereakingthe
voyagebyseabuttheseaiddle
agesandfoyverygoodreasonsinthefirstplace；ships
allthevesselsonadehis
faustriparoundtheanyyears；were
notaslargeasadeferryboattheycarriedfroy
tofiftyn；erstoolooallowany
oftheostandupstraightandthesailorso
eatpoorlyokedfoodasthekitchenarrangentswerevery
badandnofireuldbedeheherhe
leastbitroughthediaevalopickleherring
andhoodryfishbutthereannedgoods
andfreshvegetableshebilloffareas
soonastheasthadbeenleftb
………………………………
第50节
ehinderarriedin
sllbarrelsitsoonbecastaleandthentastedofrotten
ygrohingsas
thepeopleoftheddleageskneicrobes
rogerban；theleaednkofthethirteenthcentury
seetohavesuspectedtheirexistence；buthe
hisdisverytohielftheyoftendrankuncleanerand
sotistheyphoidfeverindeedthe
rtalityonboardtheshipsoftheearliestnavigatorswas
terribleofthetheyear1519left
sevilletoaousvoyagearound
theeenretuedaslateastheseventeenth
centuryhereradebeteeurope
andtheindies；artalityof40percenthingunusual
foratripfroterdaobataviaandbackthegreater
partofthesevictidiedofscurvy；adiseasehiscaused
bylackoffreshvegetablesandsand
poisonstheblooduntilthepatientdiesofsheerexhaustion
underthosecircutancesyouandthatthesea
didnotattraous
disvererslikegellanandluusandvasdaga
travelledattheheadofcreostentirelyposed
ofexjailbirds；futurerderersandpickpocketsout
ofajob
thesenavigatorsirationforthe
urageandthepluckplishedtheir
hopelesstasksinthefaceofdifficultiesofhepeopleof
ourofortableiontheir
shipssysincetheddle
ofthethirteenthesortofa
passetoeuropefrohinabywayof
arabiaandthecrusadesbuttheyhadverybadandinrrect
pstheysettheirursebygodandbyguessifluck
theyretuedafteroneorthreeyears
intheotherainedbehindon
solonelybeachbuttheybled
ureand
allthesuffering；thethirstandthehungerandthepainwere
forgottenoutlinesofane
ortheplacidersofanoceanthathadlainforgottensince
thebeginningofti
againiakethisbookathousandpages
longthesubjectoftheearlydisveriesissofascinating
buthistory；togiveyouatrueideaofpasttis；shouldbe
likethoseetchingsbrandtusedtokeitshould
portantcauses；onthoseh
arebestandgreatestalltherestshouldbeleftintheshadow
orshouldbeindicatedbyafehischapteri
ostiortantdisveries
keepinndthatallduringthefourteenthandfifteenth
centuriesthenavigatorsplishjustone
thingtheyfortableandsaferoadtothe
eireofcathaychina；totheislandofzipangujapan
andtothosesteriousislands；hespicesh
thediaevaletolikesincethedaysofthe
crusades；andhosedaysbeforethe
introductionofldstorage；eatandfishspoiledvery
quicklyanduldonlybeeatenafteraliberalsprinklingof
pepperoutg
theveiansandthegenoesehadbeenthegreatnavigators
ofthediterranean；butthehonourforexploringthe
astoftheatlanticgoestotheportuguesespainandportugal