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hadbeenobligedtodointheyear1077
undisyedbyhislackofsuccess；johnntinuedtoabuse
hisroyalpoadeaprisoner
oftheiranointedrulerandforisethathe
erferehtheancient
rightsofhissubjectsallthishappenedonalittleislandin
thethas；nearthevillageofrunnyde；onthe15thof
juneoftheyear1215thedocunttohjohnsigned
hisnaagnacartait
ntainedverylittlethatrestatedinshortand
direerated
theprivilegesofhisvassalsitpaidlittleattentiontothe
rightsifanyofthevastjorityofthepeople；thepeasants；
butitofferedcertainsecuritiestotherisingclassofthe
rchantsitportancebecauseitdefined
thepooreprecisionthanhadeverbeen
donebeforebutitediaevaldocuntit
didnotrefertonhunbeings；unlesstheyhappenedto
bethepropertyofthevassal；ustbesafeguarded
againstroyaltyrannyjustasthebaronialows
ectedagainstanexcessofzealonthepartofthe
royalforesters
afeer；hoohearaverydifferent
noteintheunajesty
john；nly
hadprosedtoobeythegreatcharterandthenhadbroken
everyoneofitsnystipulationsfortunately；hesoondied
ando
regnisethecharteraneeanhe
oneyandthe
kingightpayhis
obligationstothejeoneylendersthelargelandowners
andthebishopsedasuncillorstothekinguld
notprovidehithenecessarygoldandsilvertheking
thengaveordersthatafeativesofthecitiesbe
calledupontoattendthesessionsofhisgreatuncilthey
detheirfirstappearanceintheyear1265theyweresupposed
toactonlyasfinancialexpertssupposed
totakeapartinthegeneraldisattersofstate；but
togiveadviceexclusivelyuponthequestionoftaxation
gradually；hons
anyoftheprobleandtheeting
ofnoblen；bishopsandcitydelegatesdevelopedintoaregular
parliant；aplace‘‘oulonparfait；eansinenglish
portantaffairsofstatewere
decidedupon
buttheinstitutionofsuchageneraladvisoryboardh
certainexecutivepoanenglishinvention；as
seetokethegeneralbelief；andgoventbya‘‘kingand
hisparlianteansrestrictedtothebritishisles
youeuntries；
likefrance；therapidincreaseoftheroyalpoerthe
ddleagesreduenttonothing
intheyear1302representativesofthecitieshadbeen
adttedtotheetingofthefrenchparliant；butfive
entrong
enoughtoasserttherightsoftheddleclass；thesocalled
thirdestate；andbreakthepohekingthenthey
deupforlosttiandduringthefrenchrevolution；abolished
theking；theadetherepresentatives
ofthenpeopletherulersofthelandin
spainthe‘‘rtexthekingsuncilhadbeenopenedtothe
nersasearlyasthefirsthalfofthethcentury
inthegerineire；anuerofiortantcitieshadobtained
therankof‘‘ierialcitiesust
beheardintheierialdiet
insativesofthepeopleattendedthesessions
oftheriksdagatthefirstetingoftheyear1359in
denrkthedaneholf；theanbly；wasre
establishedin1314；and；althoughthenoblesoftenregainedntrol
ofth
………………………………
第41节
euntryattheexpenseofthekingandthepeople；
therepresentativesofthecitiespletelydeprived
oftheirpower
inthescandinavianuntry；thestoryofrepresentative
goventisparticularlyinterestinginiceland；the‘‘althing；
theasselyofallfreelandoanagedthe
affairsoftheisland；begantoholdregularetingsintheninth
orethanathousand
years
insenofthedifferentcantonsdefended
theirasseliesagainsttheattetsofanuerof
feudalneighbourshgreatsuccess
finally；inthelories；inholland；theuncilsof
thedifferentduchiesanduntiestendedbyrepresentatives
ofthethirdestateasearlyasthethirteenthcentury
inthesixteenthallprovinces
rebelledagainsttheirking；abjuredhisjestyinasole
etingofthe‘‘estatesgeneral；revedtheclergyfrobr 》
thediscussions；brokethepoedfull
executiveauthorityovertheneablishedrepublifthe
unitedsevenherlandsforturies；therepresentatives
ofthetoheuntryhoutaking；
enthecityhadbee
supreandthegoodburghershadbeetherulersofthe
land
thediaevalworld
iddleages
thoughtoftheh
theyhappenedtolive
datesareaveryusefulinventiondohout
theutunlessheyricks
akehistorytoopreple；
ediaevaln；i
donotanthatonthe31stofdeceeroftheyear476；
suddenlyallthepeopleofeuropesaid；‘‘ah；noan
eirehasetoanendandiddle
ageshoeresting
youuldhavefoundnatthefrankishurtofcharlegne
ansintheirhabits；intheiners；in
theiroutlookuponlifeontheotherhand；whenyougrow
upyoueofthepeopleinthisworldhave
neverpassedbeyondthestageofthecavenalltis
andallagesoverlap；andtheideasofsucceedinggenerations
playtaginds
ofagoodnytruerepresentativesoftheddleagesand
thengiveyouanideaoftheaveragensattitudetoward
lifeandthenydiffisofliving
firstofall；reerthatthepeopleoftheddleages
neverthoughtoftheelvesasfreebocitizens；ould
eandgoatheirfateacrdingtotheir
abilityorenergyorluckonthentrary；theyallnsidered
theelvespartofthegeneralscheofthings；hincluded
eerorsandserfs；popesandheretics；heroesandsklers；
rien；beggaandthievestheyaccepted
thisdivineordinanceandaskednoquestionsinthis；
ofurse；theydifferedradiodepeople
nothingandprovetheirown
financialandpoliticalsituation
tothenandanofthethirteenthcentury；theworld
hereafteraheavenofstone
andsufferingantsothingrethanetywords
orvaguetheologicalphrasesitualfactandthe
diaevalburghersandknightsspentthegreaterpartoftheir
tipreparingforitodepeopleregardanoble
deathafteralifeoftheancient
greeksandronsafterthreesreyearsof；
osleephthefeelingthatallwillbewell
butduringtheddleages；thekingofterrorsh
hisgrinningskullandhisrattlingbonesanssteady
panionhesuphterribletunesonhis
siled
attheroehindtreesandshrubsheytookagirl
outforahingbuthairraising
yasaboutceteriesandffinsandfearfuldiseaseswhen
youeadoflisteningtothefairystories
ofandersonandgri；you；too；wouldhavelivedallyour
daysinadreadofthefinalhourandthegruesodayof