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intheyear1059thishadbeenchangedbyadecreeof
popenicholasiitheprincipalpriestsanddeansofthe
eotheso
inent
churchntheeantprincipalwasgiven
theexclusivepoingthefuturepopes
intheyear1073thellegeofcardinalselectedapriest
bythenaofhildebrand；thesonofverysileparentsin
tuseofgregoryvii
hisenergyepowers
ofhisholyofficeuponagraniterockofnviction
andurageinthendofgregory；thepopeonly
theabsoluteheadofthechristianchurch；butalsothehighest
urtofappealinallattersthepopewhohad
elevatedsilegeprinperor
ulddeposethetoanylawpassedby
dukeorkingoreeror；butiona
papaldecree；lethieentwouldbe
serciless
gregorysentaassadorstoalltheeuropeanurtsto
inforhepotentatesofeuropeofhisnewlawsandasked
theotakeduenoticeoftheitentsthenqueror
prosedtobegood；buthenryiv；heage
ofsixhadbeenfightinghhissubjects；hadnointentionof
subttingtothepapalogetherallegeof
gebishops；aeunderthe
sunandthenhadhieposedbytheuncilofs
thepopeansniand
thatthegeprincesridtheelvesoftheirunhyruler
thegeprinces；onlytoohappytoberidofhenry；asked
thepopetoetoaugsburgandhelpthelectaneperor
gregoryleftroandtravellednorthwardhenry；
edthedangerofhispositionat
allstshestkepeaceustdo
itatonceinthedstoferhecrossedthealpsand
hastenedtocanossahepopehadstoppedforashort
restthreelongdays；frohe25thtothe28thofjanuary
oftheyear1077；henry；dressedasapenitentpilgribr 》
butsonkishgarb；
edoutsidethegatesofthecastleofcanossa
thenheoenterandwaspardonedfor
hissinsbuttherepentancedidnotlastlong
assoonashenryhadretuedtogey；hebehaved
exaunicatedforthe
sendtiaunanbishopsdeposedgregory；
butthisti；healpshe
theheadofalargear；besiegedroandforcedgregory
toretiretosaleo；violent
outbreakdecidednothingassoonashenrykin
gey；thestrugglebetperorinued
thehohenstaufenfalyperial
gethroneshortlyafteroreindependent
thantheirpredeedthatthe
popesoallkingsbecausetheythepopesat
thedayofjudgenthebehaviour
ofallthesheepoftheirflock；andintheeyesofgod；aking
hatfaithfulherd
frederionlyknownasbarbarossa
orredbeard；setuptheunterclaihattheeire
hadbeenbestoself
andastheeireinpaign
oaddthese‘‘lostprovincestothenorthe
untrybarbarossainor
duringthesendcrusade；buthissonfrederickii；abrilliant
youngnhhadbeenexposedtothecivilisation
ofthehaedansofsicily；ntinuedthehe
popesas
tohavefeltadeepandseriousntetfortheroughchristian
anknightsand
theintriguingitalianpriestsbutheheldhistongue；
onafroheinfidelandwas
dulycroheholycityeventhisactdidnot
placatethepopestheydeposedfrederickandgavehis
italianpossessionstocharlesofanjou；thebrotherofthat
kinglouisoffranceefausassaintlouis
thisledtorehesonofnradiv；
andthelastofthehohenstaufens；triedtoregainthekingdo
andedanddecapitatedatnaplesbuttyyears
later；thefrenchadetheelvesthoroughlyunpopular
insicilyurderedduringthesocalledsicilian
vespers；andsoit
thequarrelbetperorswas
neversettled；butafteraiesleaedto
leaveeachotheralone
intheyear1278；rudolphofhapsburgperor
hedidnottakethetroubletogotorotobe
croobjectandintutheykept
ageythisantpeacebuttirecenturies
ighthavebeenusedforthepurposeofinteal
organisationhadbeenedinuselesswarfare
itisanilleone
thelittlecitiesofitaly；byaprocessofcarefulbalancing；
hadnagedtoincreasetheirpoheirindependence
attheexpenseofbotheerorsandpopesherush
………………………………
第36节
fortheholylandbegan；theyohandlethetransportation
problefthethousandsofeagerpilgriwhowere
claringforpassage；andattheendofthecrusadesthey
hadbuilttheelvessuchstrongdefencesofbrickandofgold
thattheyulddefypopeandeerorhequalindifference
churchandstatefoughteachotherandathirdpartythe
diaevalcityranahthespoils
thecrusades
butallthesedifferentquarrels
tenheturks
tooktheholyland；desecratedthe
holyplacesandinterferedseriously
eastto
europecrusading
duringthreecenturiestherehadbeenpeacebetians
andsleexceptinspainandintheeasteron
eire；thetatesdefendingthegatewaysofeurope
thehaedanshavingnqueredsyriaintheseventh
centuryheholylandbuttheyregarded
jesusasagreatprophetthoughnotquiteasgreat
ashaed；andtheydidnotinterferes
oprayinthechurchhelena；the
theroftheeerostantine；hadbuiltonthespotof
theholygravebutearlyintheeleventhcentury；atartar
tribefroheheseljuksorturks；
beohaedanstateineasiaand
thentheperiodoftolerancecatoanendtheturkstook
allofasianoratheeasteroneerors
andtheydeanendtothetradebetand
alexis；theeeror；hingofhischristian
neighboursofthe；appealedforhelpandpointedto
thedangerhreatenedeuropeshouldtheturkstake
nstantinople
theitaliancitiesablishedloniesalongthe
astofasianorandpalestine；infearfortheirpossessions；
reportedterriblestoriesofturkishatrocitiesandchristian
sufferingalleuropegotexcited
popeurbanii；afrens；whohadbeen
educatedatthesafauscloisterofclunyhhad
trainedgregoryvii；thoughtthatthetihadefor
actionthegeneralstateofeuropesatisfactory
thepritiveagriculturalthodsofthatdayunchanged
sinescausedanstantscarcityoffoodthere
ployntandhungerandtheseareapttoleadto
disntentandriotsillions
itgration
thereforeattheunontinfranceintheyear
1095thepopearose；describedtheterriblehorrorshe
infidelshadinflictedupontheholyland；gaveaglowing
descriptionofthisuntryoses
hadbeenoverfloilkandhoney；andexhortedthe
knightsoffranceandthepeopleofeuropeingeneralto
leavetheturks
aeriasacrossthentinent
allreasonstoppednrandsaw；
oftheirshopandtakethenearestroadtotheeast
togoandkillturkschildrenesto‘‘go
topalestineandbringtheterribletur