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usefultotheforeigninvaderandhadbeenleftinthe
undisturbedpossessionoftheirgrazingfieldsbutaftera
longheegyptianshaddriventhe
hyksosoutofthevalleyofthenileandthenthejewshad
euponeviltisfortheyhadbeendegradedtotherank
ofnslavesandtheyhadbeenforcedtohe
royalroadsandonthepyradsandasthefrontierswere
guardedbytheegyptiansoldiersithadbeeniossiblefor
thejeoescape
afteyyearsofsufferingtheytheir
serablefatebyayoungjeoses；whoforalong
tihaddinthedesertandtherehadleaedtoappreciate
thesilevirtuesofhisearliestancestors；
aselves
berruptedbytheeaseand
………………………………
第20节
ountryhout
kingtoonyspeechestheyaginative
thanthegreeksandtheypreferredanounceofactiontoa
poundofulti
tudethe‘‘plebe；astheasselageoffreecitizensalled
onlytooeuponretalkthey
thereforeplacedtheactualbusinessofrunningthecityinto
thehandsoftedbyauncilof
elders；calledthesenatebecausetheeansan
oldnasatterofcustondpracticaladvantagethe
senatorsthenobilitybuttheirpowerhad
beenstrictlydefined
roatoihadpassedthroughthesasortof
strugglebethepoorandtherichhhadforced
athenstoadoptthelaethis
nflicthadoccurredinthefifthcenturybcasaresultthe
freenhadobtainedatendeoflaected
thegainstthedespotisfthearistocraticjudgesbythe
institutionofthe‘‘tribunethesetribunesy
gistrates；electedbythefreentheyhadtherighttoprotect
anyentofficials
houghttobeunjustansulhadtherightto
ndeantodeath；butifthecasehadnotbeenabsolutely
provedthetribuneuldinterfereandsavethepoor
fellowslife
bute；iseeorefertoalittle
cityofafehousandinhabitantsandtherealstrengthof
rolayintheuntrydistrictsoutsideher
entoftheseoutlyingprovincesthatro
atanearlyageshoasalonising
power
inveryearlytisrohadbeentheonlystronglyfortified
cityincentralitaly；butithadalable
refugetootherlatintribesobeindangerof
attackthelatinneighbourshadregnisedtheadvantages
ofacloseunionhsuchapoheyhadtried
tofindabasisforsosortofdefensiveandoffensivealliance
otheations；egyptians；babylonians；phoenicians；
evengreeks；ission
onthepartofthe‘‘barbarians；theronsdidnothingof
thesorttheygavethe‘‘outsiderachancetobeepartners
inan‘‘respublionh
‘‘youtojoinus；theysaid‘‘verywell；goahead
andjoinreatyouasifyouizens
ofroinretuforthisprivilegeyouto
fightforourcity；thetherofusall；shallbe
necessary
the‘‘outsiderappreciatedthisgenerosityandheshowed
hisgratitudebyhisunsy
yhadbeenattacked；theforeign
residentshadvedoutasquicklyastheyuldwhydefend
sothingeantnothingtotheutateorary
boardinghouseinheyoleratedaslongasthey
paidtheirbillsbutyhegates
ofro；allthelatinsrushedtoherdefenceitheir
thereevenif
theylivedahundredlesahewalls
ofthesacredhills
nodefeatandnodisasteruldchangethissentintin
thebeginningofthefourthcenturybctheed
theiranaear
theriveralliaandhadrcheduponthecitytheyhad
takenroandthentheyexpectedthatthepeoplewould
eandsueforpeacetheyed；butnothinghappened
afterashorttithegaulsfoundtheelvessurroundedby
ahostilepopulationadeitiossiblefortheoobtain
suppliesaftersevennths；hungerforcedtheohdraw
thepolietotreatthe‘‘foreigneronequal
terhadprovedagreatsuccessandrostoodstrongerthan
everbefore
thisshortaeshowsyou
theenorusdifferencebetanidealofahealthy
state；andthatoftheancientbodiedinthe
toansunteduponthecheerful
andheartyoperationbetberof‘‘equalcitizens
thecarthaginians；follopleofegypt
andeasia；insistedupontheunreasoningandtherefore
unsandhesefailed
theyhiredprofessionalsoldierstodotheirfightingforthe
youandhageofear
suchacleverandpoyandheplutocracyof
carthageooight
destroythedangerousrivalbeforeitoolate
buttheen；knehat
itneverpaystorushtterstheyproposedtotherons
thattheirrespectivecitiesdraapand
thateachtooneofthesecirclesasherown‘‘sphere
ofinfluenceandprosetokeepoutoftheotherfellows
circletheagreentptlydeand
asprotlyhsidesthoughtitosendtheir
arestosicilyentinvited
foreigninterference
thehesocalledfirstpunicwar
lastedtyfouryearsitoutonthehighseas
andinthebeginningitseedthattheexperiencedcar
thaginiannavyanfleet
folloheirancienttactics；thecarthaginianshipswould
eitherraheenevesselsorbyaboldattackfroheside
theyheiroarsandhenkillthesailorsof
thehelplessvesselhtheirarrohfireballsbut
ronengineersinventedanehcarriedaboarding
bridgeaenstordthe
hostileshipthenthereocarthaginian
viylaetheirfleeted
carthageepart
oftherondoins
tein
questofpperhadtakentheislandofsardiniacarthage
inquestofsilverthereuponoccupiedallofsouthespain
thisdeansthe
latterdidnotlikethisatallandtheyorderedtheirtroopsto
crossthepyreneesandyofoccupation
thestageforthesendoutbreakbethetwo
rivalsoncereagreeklonyhepretextforawar
thecarthaginiansontheeastast
ofspainthesaguntiansappealedtoroandro；as
usual；isedthehelpof
thelatinares；butthepreparationforthi
………………………………
第21节
sexpeditiontook
soti；andanhadbeentakenandhad
beendestroyedthishadbeendoneindirectoppositionto
theethesenatedecideduponan
arakealandingoncarthaginian
soilasenddivisionokeepthecarthaginian
aresofroushingtothe
aidofthehotoplanandeverybody
expectedagreatvictorybutthegodshaddecided
otherwise
ithefalloftheyear218beforethebirthofchrist
andtheronaroattackthecarthaginiansin
spainhadleftitalypeopleingfoewsof
aneasyandpletevictoryourbeganto
spreadthroughtheplainofthepoountaineers；their
lipstrelinghfear；toldofhundredsofthousandsof
broenacpaniedbystrangebeasts‘‘eachoneasbigas
ahouse；ergedfrohecloudsofsnow
heoldgraianpassthroughhhercule