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ofagreateueroftoolsthefirst
deoutofanoldtreecreatedaschstirinthenities
of100；000bcastheflyingchinedidonlyafewyears
ago
inon；thestoryistoldofadirectorofthepatent
officeheearlythirtiesofthelastcenturysuggested
thatthepatentofficebeabolished；because‘‘everythingthat
possiblyuldbeinventedhadbeeninventedasilar
feelingsthavespreadthroughtheprehistoricworldwhen
thefirstsailedonaraftandthepeoplewereable
tovefrolacetoplacehoutroingor
pullingfroheshore
indeedoneofthestinterestingchaptersofhistoryis
theeffortofntoletsooneelseorsothingelsedohis
；tinginthesun
orpaintingpicturesonrocks；ortrainingyoungwolvesand
littletigerstobehavelikepeaals
ofurseintheveryoldendays；itwasalwayspossible
toenslaveatodotheunpleasant
tasksoflifeoneofthereasonshegreeksand
rons；easintelligentaso
devisereinterestingchin
………………………………
第94节
ery；obefoundinthewide
spreadexistenatician
euponogsandfill
theairokearketplace
andbuyalltheslavesheneededataverysllexpense
andduringtheddleages；althoughslaveryhadbeen
abolishedandonlyaldforfserfdourvived；theguilds
disuragedtheideaofusingchinerybecausetheythought
thisberoftheirbrethrenoutof
iddleagesatallinterested
inproducinglargequantitiesofgoodstheirtailorsandbutchers
andall
nityinpete
orethanrictly
necessary
duringtherenaissance；heprejudicesofthechurch
againstscientificinvestigationsuldnolongerbeenforcedas
rigidlyasbefore；alargenuerofnbegantodevotetheir
livestothetiyandphysicsandchestry
thebeginningofthethirtyyearswar；
johnnapier；astchn；hadpublishedhislittlebookh
describedthenesduringthe
self；gottfriedleibnitzofleipzighadperfectedthesystef
infinitesilcalculuseightyearsbeforethepeaceofphalia；
nehegreatenglishnaturalphilosopher；was
bo；andinthatsayeargalileo；theitalianastronor；
diedanhethirtyyearsroyedtheprosperity
ofcentraleuropeandthereverygeneral
interestin‘‘alche；thestrangepseudoscienceofthe
ddleagesbyetalsinto
goldthisprovedtobeiossiblebutthealchestsintheir
laboratoriesstuleduponnynelyhelped
theistsheirsuccessors
theenprovidedthehasolid
scientificfoundationuponobuildeven
thestpliberofpractical
ndegooduseofittheddleageshadusedwoodfor
thefeachinerybut
easilyironuchbetterterialbutironarce
exostoftheslting
eltiron；hugefireshe
beginning；thesefireshadbeendeofgradually
theforestshadbeenusedupthen‘‘stonealthepetrified
treesofprehistorictisalasyou
knoobedugoutofthegroundandithastobetransported
tothesltingovensandtheneshavetobekept
dryfroheeverinvadingers
thesesobesolvedatonce
forthetibeing；horsesuldstillbeusedtohaultheal
pingquestiondendedtheapplication
ofspecialchineryseveralinventorsryingto
solvethedifficultytheyallkneo
beusedintheieenginewas
veryoldheroofalexandria；hefirstcentury
beforeachinery
thepeopleoftherenaissance
hadplayeddrivensthe
rquisofporaryofnewton；inhisbook
ofinventions；tellsofasteanginealittlelater；intheyear
1698；thossaveryoflondonappliedforapatentfora
puingengineatthesati；ahollander；christian
huygens；ryingtoperfectanengineinhgunpowder
uchthesawayas
otors
allovereurope；peoplehtheideadenis
papin；afrenchn；friendandassistantofhuygens；was
kingexperintsenginesinseveraluntries
heinventedalittle；anda
paddlebutriedtotakeatripinhis
vessel；itplaintof
theboatnsunion；hatsuchacraftwoulddeprive
theftheirlivelihoodpapinfinallydiedinlondonin
greatpoverty；havingoneyonhisinventions
butatthetiofhisdeath；anotherchanicalenthusiast；
thosneen；ofanew
steaufiftyyearslaterhisengineprovedupon
byjasakerintheyear
1777；hegavetheengihatprovedof
realpracticalvalue
butduringtheentsha‘‘heatengine；
thepoliticallychangedthebritish
peoplehadsucceededthedutchasthencarriersofthe
radetheyhadopenedupneook
theraaterialsheloniesproducedtoengland；
andtheretheytuedthentofinishedproducts；andthen
theyexportedthefinishedgoodstothefourersofthe
heseventeenthcentury；thepeopleofgeorgia
andthecarolinashadbeguntogrohgave
astrangesortofance；thesocalled‘‘ttonwool
afterthishadbeenplucked；ittoenglandandthere
thepeopleoflancastershireintocloththisweaving
esoftheenverysoon
anuerofiroventsadeintheprocessofweaving
intheyear1730；johnkayinventedthe‘‘flyshuttle
in1770；jashargreavesgotapatentonhis‘‘spinning
jennyelierican；inventedthettongin；
itsseeds；ajobhhad
previouslybeendonebyhandattherateofonlyapoundaday
finallyrichardarkundcart
inventedlargeachines；hweredrivenby
erpohen；intheeightiesoftheeighteenth
century；justheestatesgeneraloffrancehadbegun
thosefausetingsorevolutionisethepolitical
systefeurope；theenginesofth
aachinesofark；
andthiscreatedanenocandsocialrevolution
anrelationshipinalsteverypart
oftheworld
assoonasthestationaryenginehadprovedasuccess；the
inventorstuedtheirattentiontotheproblefpropelling
boatsandcartsechanicalntrivance
selfdesignedplansfora‘‘steaootive；but
erehehadperfectedhisideas；intheyear1804；alootive
debyrichardtrevithickcarriedaloadoftytonsat
penydarranint
………………………………
第95节
heiningdistrict
atthesatianaricanjeraitpainter
bythenaofrobertfultonryingtonvince
napoleonthatarineboat；the
‘‘nautilus；andhis‘‘steaoat；thefrenchghtbeableto
destroythenavalsuprecyofengland
fultonsideaofasteaoatoriginalhehad
undoubtedlypieditfroohnfitch；achanicalgeniusof
nnecticuterhadfirstnavigated
thedelaheyear1787butnapoleon
andhisscientificadvisersdidnotbelieveinthepractical
possibilityofaselfpropelledboat；andalthoughthestch
builtengineofthelittle