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the‘‘slackeranagedto‘‘getbybuttheyestablished
ageneralfeelingofntentandassuranceangthe
labouringclassessinourdayofgeneral
petitiontheddleagesiliarhthedangers
ofodepeoplecall‘‘ers；h
ngetsholdofalltheavailablegrainorsoaporpickled
h
………………………………
第43节
erring；andthenforcesthehithisown
pricetheauthorities；therefore；disuragedrading
andregulatedthepriceaterchantswereallowed
toselltheirgoods
theddleagesdislikedpetitionpeteand
filltheultitudeofpushing
n；enthand；when
richesfoothingandhegoodserfwould
enterthegoldengatesofheavenhebadknightwas
senttodopenanceinthedeepestpitofinfeo
inshort；thepeopleoftheddleagesosurrender
partoftheirlibertyofthoughtandaction；thatthey
ghtenjoygreatersafetyfroovertyofthebodyandpoverty
ofthesoul
andhaveryfeions；theydidnotobjectthey
firybelievedthattheyerevisitorsuponthispla
thattheyore
iortantlifedeliberatelytheytuedtheirbacksupona
hsufferingandkednessand
injusticetheypulleddoheblindsthattheraysofthe
sunghtnotdistrathatchapterinthe
apocalypseofthatheavenlylighthwas
toilluheirhappinessinalleteitytheytriedtoclose
theireyestostofthejoysoftheheylived
thattheyghtenjoythoseinthenear
futuretheyacceptedlifeasanecessaryevilanded
deathasthebeginningofagloriousday
thegreeksandtheronshadneverbotheredaboutthe
futurebuthadtriedtoestablishtheirparadiserighthereupon
thisearththeyhadsucceededinkinglifeextrelypleasant
forthoseoftheirfelloenhappentobe
slavestheneoftheddleages；
anbuilthielfaparadisebeyondthehighestclouds
andtuedthisoavaleoftearsforhighandlow；
forribitwas
tiforthependuluosheotherdirection；as
ishalltellyouinnextchapter
diaevaltrade
hooredethe
diterraneanabusycentreof
tradeandhohecitiesofthe
italianpeninsulabecathegreat
distributingerce
hasiaandafrica
therehreegoodreasonsheitaliancitiesshould
havebeenthefirsttoregainapositionofgreatiortance
duringthelateddleagestheitalianpeninsulahadbeen
settledbyroataveryearlydatetherehadbeenre
roadsandretooreschoolsthananywhereelse
ineurope
thebarbarianshadbuedaslustilyinitalyaselsewhere；
buttherehadbeensoorehadbeenable
tosurviveinthesendplace；thepopelivedinitalyand
astheheadofavastpoliticalchine；hownedlandand
serfsandbuildingsandforestsandriversandnductedurts
oflaoney
thepapalauthoritieshadtobepaidingoldandsilverasdid
therchantsandshipohe
heeggsandthehorsesandalltheotheragricultural
productsofthenorthandtheustbechangedintoactual
e
thisdeitalytheoneuntryparative
abundanceofgoldandsilverfinally；duringthecrusades；
theitalianbarkation
fortheostunbelievable
extent
andafterthee
italiancitiesreinedthedistributingcentresforthoseoriental
goodsupoodepend
duringthetitheyhadspentintheneareast
ofthesetoousasvenicevenicewas
arepubliudbankthitherpeoplefrohe
inlandhadfledduringtheinvasionsofthebarbariansinthe
fourthcenturysurroundedonallsidesbytheseatheyhad
engagedinthebusinessofsaltkingsalthadbeenvery
scarceduringtheddleages；andthepricehadbeenhigh
forhundredsofyearsvenionopolyof
thisindispensabletabledityisayindispensable；because
people；likesheep；fallillunlesstheygetacertainaunt
ofsaltintheirfoodthepeoplehadusedthisnopolyto
increasethepoestheyhadevendared
todefythepohepopesthetohand
hadbeguntobuildships；radehthe
orientduringthecrusades；theseshipsocarry
passengerstotheholyland；andhepassengersuld
notpayfortheirticketsincash；theyohelpthe
veiansheirloniesinthe
aegeansea；inasianorandinegypt
bytheendofthefourteenthcentury；thepopulationhad
groadevenicethebiggest
iddleagesthepeoplehoutinfluence
uponthegoventheprivateaffairofa
sllnuerofrichrchantfaliestheyelectedasenate
andadogeorduke；buttheactualrulersofthecitywere
theersofthefausunciloften；aintained
theelvesofsecret
serviurderers；chupon
allcitizensandquietlyrevedthoseightbedangerous
tothesafetyoftheirhighhandedandunsittee
ofpublicsafety
theotherextreofgovent；adecracyofvery
turbulenthabits；obefoundinflorencethiscity
ntrolledtheinroadfroortheeuropetoroandused
theneythisfortunateenoc
positiontoengageinnufacturingtheflorentinestriedto
follopleofathensnoblen；priestsanders
oftheguildsalltookpartinthediscussionsofcivicaffairs
thisledtogreatcivicupheavalpeoplewereforeverbeingdivided
intopoliticalpartiesandthesepartiesfoughteachother
iesandnfiscated
theirpossessionsassoonastheyhadgainedavictoryinthe
unobs；
theinevitablehappenedapoilydeitselfster
ofthecityandgoveedthetohesurroundinguntry
afterthefashionoftheoldgreek‘‘tyrantstheyalled
thedicitheearliestdicihadbeenphysiciansdicus
islatinforphysician；hencetheia；butlatertheyhad
tuedbankertheirbanksand
………………………………
第44节
theirpaobe
foundinallthereiortantcentresoftradeeventoday
ouraricanpahethreegoldenballs
softheghtyhouseof
thediarriedtheir
daughterstothekingsoffranceandwereburiedingraves
ancaesar
thentherehegreatrivalofvenice；where
therchantsspecialisedintradehtunisinafricaand
thegraindepotsoftheblackseathenthereorethan
telargeandsosll；eachaperfect
rfightingtheieighboursand
rivalshtheundyinghatredofneighbourswhoaredepriving
eachotheroftheirprofits
oncetheproductsoftheorientandafricahadbeen
broughttothesedistributingcentres；theystbeprepared
forthevoyagetotheandthenorth
genoacarriedhergoodsbywhere
theyothecitiesalongtherhone；hin
tuservedastherketplacesofnortheande
france
veniceusedthelandroutetonortheeuropethisancient
roadledacrossthebrennerpass；theoldgatewayfor
thebarbariansalypastinn