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thereis;then;aprireason;andlaherelationssubsistingbetanddifferentbeings;andtherelationsofthesetooneanother
godisrelatedtotheuniverse;asadetheandhedethebecausetheyareinrelationtohisandpower
sinatter;andvoidofunderstanding;subsiststhroughsolongasuotionsstcertainlybedirectedbyinvariablelaagineanotherustalsohavenstantrules;oritablyperish
thusthecreation;sanarbitraryact;supposeslaightgovetheituldnotsubsist
theserulesareafixedandinvariablerelationinbodiesved;thetionisreatterandveloity;eachchangeisnstancy
particularintelligentbeingsyhavelawsof
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第10节
theiroaking;buttheyhavesolikeadebeforethereade;therendedorforbiddenbypositivelaeassayingthatbeforethedescribingofacirclealltheradiiequal
ustthereforeacknoansocietiesexisted;ittotheirlahereelligentbeingsthathadreceivedabenefitofanotherbeing;theyoughttoshoheirgratitude;ifoneintelligentbeinghadcreatedanotherintelligentbeing;thelatteroughttontinueinitsoriginalstateofdependence;ifoneintelligentbeinginjuresanother;itdeservesaretaliation;andsoon
buttheintelligentbeingsoerhasalsoitslatotheoexatotheirpritivelahoseoftheiroitutingtheyfrequentlyinfringe
ovent;inebethatasity;theyhavenotareintiterelationtogodthantherestoftheterialthanintherelationtheyhaveeithertootherpartiselves
bytheallurentofpleasuretheypreservetheindividual;andbythesaallurenttheypreservetheirspeciestheyhavenaturallatotheiaturallahesearebetterobservedbyvegetables;thathaveneitherunderstandingnorsense
brutesaredeprivedofthehighadvantageseostoftherereattentivethanakesobadauseoftheirpassions
n;asaphysiperfeighteveryinstantforgethisindedhifhisdutybythelaonttoforgethielf;philosophyhasprovidedagainstthisbythelaoralityfordtoliveinsociety;heghtforgethisfellotohisduty
2ofthelaentionedlaourfraandexistenanbeforetheestablishntofsociety:thelaatehoseofnature
thelapressingonoudstheideaofaportanpoteneveryshadow
inthisstateeveryn;insteadofbeingsensibleofhisequality;selfinferiortherehereforebenodangeroftheirattackingoneanother;peacehefirstlaure
thenaturaliulseordesireankindofsubduingoneanotherisfarfroeingpireanddonionissoplex;anddependsonsonyotheotions;thatituldneverbethefirstanunderstanding
hobbes3inquires;”forenard;andhaveloentofsocietyent;otivesforhostileattacksandselfdefence
nexttoasenseofhisanpthioseekfoourishnt
fear;ihaveobserved;entoshunoneanother;buttherksofthisfearbeingrealfeelsattheapproaespethedifferenceofsexesathirdlaw
besidethesenseorinstinonotiveofuniting;andafourthlathedesireoflivinginsociety
3ofpositivelaanentersintoastateofsoencesthestateofwar
eaent;itutesastateofweenindividuals
thesetanlautualinterurse;eersofasocietythatstbeproperlysupported
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;theyhavelaeofpoliticlahersortoflaheystandinrelationtoeachother;byoodthecivillaw
thelaeofpeaeoftleinjuryaspossible;houtprejudicingtheirrealinterests
theobjectofthisandtheprecedingprincipleallthoserulesarederiveditutethelaions
alluntrieshavealaselves;thoughtheydevourtheirprisoners:fortheysendandreceiveaassadors;andunderstandtherightsofischiefisthattheirlaionsisnotfoundedontrueprinciples
besidesthelaofgovent”theunitedstrengthofindividuals;”asgravina4ituteshebodypolitic”
thegeneralstrengthybeinthehandsofasingleperson;orofnysothinkthatnaturehavingestablishedpatealauthority;thestnaturalgoventpleofpatealauthorityprovesnothingforifthepoent;thatofbrothersafterthedeathofafather;andthatofusinsgeafterthedeentofnythepolitiilies
betterisittosay;thatthegoventstnforbletonatureisthatouranddispositionofthepeopleinisestablished
thestrengthofindividualscannotbeunitedhoutanjunctionofalltheirionofthoselyobserves;”ishecivilstate”
laanreason;inaschasitgovesalltheinhabitantsoftheearth:thepoliticalandcivillaanreasonisapplied
theyshouldbeadaptedinsuedthatitshouldbeagreatchanceifthoseofonenationsuitanother
theyshouldbeinrelationtothenatureandprinent;it;asybesaidofpoliticlahertheysupportit;asinthecaseofcivilinstitutions
theyshouldbeinrelationtotheen;orshepherds:theyshouldhaverelationtothedegreeoflibertybers;rce;nners;andcustoinfine;theyhaverelationstoeachother;asalsototheirorigin;totheintentofthelegislator;andtotheorderofthingsonheyareestablished;inalloflightstheyoughttobensidered
thisisinthefolloine;sinceallthesetogethestituteicallthespiritoflaws
ihavenotseparatedthepolitiuchbusinesstofollohenaturalorderoflahatoftheserelationsandobjects
ishallfirstexaherelationsent;andasthisprinystudytounderstanditthoroughly:andificanbutonceestabli**;thelatheirsourceishallproceedafteroreparticularrelations
1”laortalandiortalbeings”seehistreatise;adisursetoanunleaedprince
2nessthesavagefoundintheforestsofhanover;oenglandduringthereignofgeorgei
3inpref;decive
4italianpoetandjurist;16641718
bookiioflathenatureofgovent
1ofthenatureofthethreedifferentgoventstherearethreespeent:republionnotion;entisthatinepoonarchy;thatinent;thatinseverythingbyhisoaprice
thisisent;ustnotothisnature;andnsequentlyarethefundantalinstitutions
2oftherepublient;andthelaocracy1epoocracyepohehandsofapartofthepeople;itisthenanaristocracy
inadeerespectsthesovereign;andinothersthesubject
thereentandindeeditisasiortanttoregulateinarepublic;inanner;by;to;andnceingonarchytoknoannerheoughttogove
libanius2saysthatatathensastrangereddledintheasseliesofthepeopleanusurpedtherightsofsovereignty
itisanessentialpointtofixthenuerofthee;doodtoexperiene;etisallherinhabitantsetisallitalyandansiderablepartofthe;ro;isay;neverf
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ixedthenuer3andthisheprincipalcausesofherruin
thepeople;inthesuprepoanagentofeverythingustbenductedbytheiisters
buttheyinisters;inatingtheitis;therefore;afundantalxinthisgovent;thatthepeopleshouldinistersthatis;theirgistrates
theyhaveooreso;tobedireeers;adebytheelves;asatathens;orbysogistratedeputedforthatpurpose;asone
thepeopleareextrelytheyaretoentrustinedbythingstoanybattles;andbeenthananarprovingtheopportunityandcriticalntofactionno;thissurpassestheirabilities
shouldentofrit;adebytheatheniansandrons;t