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The Spirit of Law-法的精神(英文版)-第31章

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    77historyofthetartars;partiii;p277;inthererks

    78seefrancispirard

    79asatpresentinpersia;aisveryane”

    80thefifthlaajest

    81inthe8thchapterofthisbook

    82frederickpiedthislahenstitutionsofnaples;i

    83innarentstogooutofthekingdonners

    bookxiiioftherelationhelevyingoftaxesandthegreatnessofthepublicrevenuesbeartoliberty

    1ofthepubliainder

    tofixtheserevenuesinapropener;regardshouldbehadbothtothenecessitiesofthestateandtothoseofthesubjecttherealaginarysofthestate

    iginarythepassionsandtheheg
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第74节

    oveors;frohevainneextraordinaryprojeaindininistersofarestlessdispositioniginedthattheeanandignoblesoulshoseofthestate

    nothingrequiresreandprudencethantheregulationofthatportionofhesubjectisdeprived;andthatoretain

    thepublieasuredbythepeoplesabilitiestogive;butbyeasuredbytheirabilitiestogive;itshouldbensideredtheyareabletogiveforanstancy

    2thatitisbadreasoningtosaythatthegreatnessoftaxesisgoodinitsoonarptfroaxesthathavebeenasserableasthethegreatstatebyanufactures;andarts;andestablisheslaes;therefore;necessarilypoor;letitpayneversofeaxes

    andyetsohavencludedfrohepovertyofthosepettystatesthatinordertorenderthepeopleindustrioustheyshouldbeloadedtheneighbouringpartstoavoidaketheirynsistinidleness

    theeffeerisexcitedbylabour;thelatterissoothedbyindolence

    natureisjusttoallnkind;andrepaystheortheirindustry:sherendersthendustriousbyannexingrepttodeprivethepeopleofnaturesbounty;theyustbetheironlyhappiness

    3oftaxesinuntriesenthestateofvillainageissotisestablishedafteranquestinthatanorvillainthattillsthelandoughttohaveakindofpartnershipasteothingbutanicationoflossorprofitcanrencilethoseedtolabourtosuchasareblessedhastateofaffluence

    4ofarepublicinthelikecaseiontothedrudgeryofcultivatingherlands;sheoughtnevertosufferthefreesubjecttohavethepoanthisittedatspartathosebravepeoplethoughtthehelotes1oreindustriousincultivatingtheirlands;andknoagined;likeastersorethanedtoenjoy

    5ofanarilitaryservicebutifhetheyybeafterbursedifthisrulebenotfolloiseryorfliesintothewoods

    6ofadespotientinthelikeoreindispensablyneentthelordontliabletobestrippedofhislandsandhisvassalsisnotsoeagertopreservethe

    any;andtodendhistaxesinney;hedeaveryprudentregulation;anleviesthetaxonthepeasant;andpaysittotheinishes;hepaysallthesifitincreases;hepaysnore;sothatitishisinterestnottoworryoroppresshisvassals

    7oftaxesinuntriesanenjoyshispropertyuaythenbelaideitheronpersons;onlands;onrchandise;onthese;oronallthreetogether

    inthetaxingofpersons;itexatheirestatespaidatalent5tothepubliin;thoseofthefourthclasspaidnothingatallthetaxeasureofpeoplesproperty;itfolloanhadanequalshareofure;thatsoeverureoughtnottobetaxed;thattothissucceededtheuseful;tobetaxed;butlessthanthesuperfluous;andthatthelargenessofthetaxesonedsuperfluity

    inthetaxingoflandsitisakelistsorregisters;inoresotofindpeoplethatarenotinterestedinstakingthehere;therefore;aretanandthatofthethingbutifingeneralthetaxbenotexorbitant;andthepeoplentinuetohaveplentyofneittedtoenjoyonlyjustisnecessaryforsubsistence;theleastdisproportionhegreatestnsequence

    ifsosubjeisuentifthegoventproportionsitsfortuothatofindividuals;theeaseandnvenienent:shallthestatebeginpoverishingthesubjectstoenrichitselforhaditbettertobeenriche
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第75节

    dbyitssubjeerorthelatteradvantagechoosetobeginortoendhopulence

    thedutiesfeltleastbythepeoplearethoseonrandedofthenfortheyybesoprudentlynagedthatthepeopletheelvesshallhardlyknoforthispurposeitisoftheutstnsequenself;andthensur;ain;nfoundsiteauthorshaveobservedthatnerohadabolishedthedutyofthefiveandtthesaleofslaves;6andyethehadonlyordainedthatitshouldbepaidbythesellerinsteadofthepuredneverthelesstosuppressit

    therearetpostsareveryheavyuponliquors:inohebreinatelyuponallthensurs;inthefirstnobodyfeelstherigouroftheiost;inthesenditislookeduponasagrievanerthesubjetopay

    further;theobligingthensurstopayrequiresaperpetualruagingandsearchingintotheirhousesnoorentrarythanthistoliberty;andthoseethodofllectingtherevenue

    8inakethepuroditypost;therestbesoproportionbetpostandthevalueofthedity:forerodityinthisostexquisitelysensibleoftheirservilendition

    besides;theprinodity;stbehielfthevendor;andthepeoplestnothaveitintheirpoopurchaseitelseicesubjecttoathousandinnveniences

    sgglingbeinginthisely;thenfisererustthereforebehadtoextravagantpunishnts;sues

    allproportionthenofpenaltiesisatanendpersonsthatostinfausoderategovent

    again;inproportionaspeoplearetetedtoorethelatterisenrierioverishedtoputastoptosggling;thefarrstbeinvestedeansofoppressing;andthentheuntryisruined

    9ofabadkindofiosteroftherevenues;onstratedthatadutyonthepaperonhedeedsaredraerservice

    10thatthegreatnessoftaxesdependsonthenatureofthegoventtaxesoughttobeverylightindespotients:otherentthatkesnonnerofretutothedifferentntributionsofthesubject

    theexorbitantpoedepressionofthepeople;requirethatthereshouldnotbeevenapossibilityoftheleaststakebetthetaxesoughttobesoeasytolleinishtheaportionofthefruitsoftheearth;auerent

    rchantsindespoticuntriesoughttohaveapersonalsafeguard;tohouseofficers

    11ofnfisoresevereineuropethaninasiaineuropenotonlytherestheshipsandoppression;inasiathegistratestheelvesedyuldarchanthaveagainstapashainedtonfiscatehisgoods

    theprinportationofgoods;andafterersintheterritoryofthegulisnotpunishedposessisaunientthanofthoseofrce

    12relationbetaybeheavierinproportiontothelibertyofthesubjeinproportiontotheincreaseofslaverythishasalnaturethatnevervariesptioniswellknown;andeve
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第76节

    nnfirountainsprovisionsaresodear;andtheuntryissopopulous;thatasesretonaturethanaturkdoestothesultan

    anqueringpeople;suayridtheelvesofalltaxesastheyreignovervanquishednationsthenindeedtheydonotpayinproportiontotheirliberty;beonarch

    butthegeneralrulestillholdsgoodinderategoventsthereisanindeityfortheofthetaxes;yindespoticuntries10thereisanequivalentforliberty;helightnessofthetaxes

    insonarentareinareflourishingnditionthantherestitispretendedthattheseprovinenttheyareabletobetaxedhigher;henatdeprivingthefthisverygovent;otheprincesadvantage

    13inenttaxesareayb
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