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The Spirit of Law-法的精神(英文版)-第53章

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    14hoitsdespotiercedependedonthatoftheexchange;andthetransactionsenthallitslaws

    in1745theselvesnorsendaissiontheexittingtheirspeciefroneuntrytoanotheristhereforeentirelyinpatiblehthelawsofrussia

    rployedinagrien;posedofchanicsandrchants

    15thepraeuntriesinitalytheyhavedelaepartofitalytopreventsubjeovetheirspeedegreeindependentofanypartiustbeabadlaitpersonsfortheirooney
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第132节

    itisabadlaovableeffesettlingintheuntry;and;inshort;becauseitybeeluded

    16theassistanoneyiftheprintoittaninistrationonthentrary;ployedtoadvancespecie;theirartnsistsinprocuringthegreatestprofitfortheuseofit;houtbeingliabletobechargedhusury

    17ofpubliaginedthatitultipliedrichesbyincreasingthecirculation

    thoseoney;oraerthegoventfortheieybutletusseetheinnveniencesit

    1ifforeignerspossesschpaperforinterest

    2inanationthatisthusperpetuallyindebt;theexchangestbeverylow

    3thetaxesraisedforthepayntoftheinterestofthedebtareaninjurytothenufactures;byraisingthepriceoftheartificerslabour

    4ittakesthetruerevenueofthestatefrohoseivityandindustry;tonveyittotheindolent;thatis;itgivesfacilitiesforlabourtothosehdifficultiesthosewhodowork

    theseareitsinnveniences:iknoeofathousandcroployedonehalfoftheirine;thatis;fivethousandcroheinterestofahundredthousandcroheyhadborrohers;thatstillothestateasthousandcrohatis;inthelanguageofthealgebraists;200;000crororowns200;000

    peoplearethroothiserrorbyreflectingthatthepapersthedebtofanationisthesignofriches;foonebutarichstatecansupportsuchpaperhoutfallingintodecayandifitdoesnotfall;itisaproofthatthestatehasotherrichesbesidestheysaythatitisnotanevil;becausethereareresourcesagainstit;andthatitisanadvantage;sincetheseresourcessurpasstheevil

    18ofthepayntofpublicdebtsitisnecessarythatthereshouldbeaproportionbetaybeacreditortoinfinity;butitcanonlybeadebtortoacertaindegree;andsurpassesthatdegreethetitleofcreditorvanishes

    iftheish;itydosofeurope;32thatis;ityrequireagreatquantityofspeburseeveryindividual;atleastiftheyreducetheirinteresthestateborroheindividualsfixthe

    interest;pays;theinterestforthefutureisfixedbythestate

    itisnotsuffitheadvantageofthereduction;inordertopayeveryyearapartofthecapital:aproceedingsohappythatitssuccessincreaseseveryday

    hecreditofthestateisnotentire;thereisaneasinkingfund;becausethisfundbeingonceestablishedhepublifidence

    1ifthestateisarepublientofaybeinnsiderable;butitisneuchgreater

    2theregulationsoughttobesoorderedthatallthesubjeaysupporttheentofthesefunds;beshentributes;payshielf

    3therearefourenagine;oughtleasttobespared;beadeonaadeonall;astheinisters;andaldiateinspeasingularprotection;thatthepartayneverhavetheleastadvantageoverthathecreditor

    19oflendinguponinterestspecieisthesignofvalueitisevidentthatheaybeeitherhiredorbought;oney;hepriceofthings;canonlybehired;andnotbought33

    tolendneyelygood;butitisobviousthatitisonlyaunselofreligion;andnotacivillaw

    inorderthattradeybesuererceerchantakenothing

    iaistakenakeitnecessaryusuryablished;buthallthedisordershhasbeennstantlyattended

    thelaetnfoundusuryetanuntriesinproportionto
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第133节

    theseverityoftheprohibitionthelenderindeifieshielfforthedangerheundergoesofsufferingthepenalty

    inthoseeasteuntries;thegreaterpartofthepeopleareseustberaisedinproportiontothedangerofinsolvency

    20ofritiusurythegreatnessofritiusuryisfoundedontakesitproperthatthoseeansofrce;speedilyacplishesavarietyofgreataffairsbutusury;en;notbeingfoundedoneitherofthesetorerational;reducedtoproperbounds

    21oflendingbyntraongtheronsbesidestheloansdefortheadvantageofrce;thereisstillakindoflendingbyacivilntract;sinterestorusury

    asthepeopleofroinselvesintheirfavourbyenatheyretrenchedcapitals;theyfirstloselfpopular

    thesentinualents:thepeople;likeadebtorpttheolendbyalloedytotheevilonlyfroitoti;plaintsofthepeopleidatedtheostnstroususuryestablisheditselfinthatoney;andforthedangerthecreditorunderofsufferingthepenaltyofthelaw

    22thesasubjectntinuedthepritiveronshadnotanylaonssacer;nothingheonehand;butjustice;andontheother;theseverityofntracts36

    theythenonlyfolloents;ostnlyattreasonis;thatintheanans;interestatsixpercentust;therefore;havebeeninterestatt

    butifitbeaskedhoongapeoplealstronlythereighthavebeenabletopay;hadtheylivedinareregulaner38

    theythendelaselvesfortheolestedbytheiretistheyopenedthepublieappeased;andastheyrequirednothingforthefuture;thesenateprovidingagainstit

    atthetiaintainedtheanseloveoffrugality;poverty;andderation:butthenstitutionent;npeoplepaidnothinghoerofthelibertyofpursuingtheirdebtors;andatthesatitoobligetheoexeidstitsstpressingnecessities

    tacitussaysthatthelaistaken;andthathetookanotherlagoingtospeak;forthelaakeuseofitsauthorityinthedisputese;virs

    thelients

    intheyearofro398;thetribunesduelliusandneniuseauthorslivyhadread;thise41346

    itfaredberofanyotherstonfirrreestheyquittedthelanpraonpranedseroniusasellus;theprtor;havingperttedthedebtorstoaitytothelahe
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第134节

    ptingtorevivetheryofaseveritythatuldnolongerbesupported49

    iquitthecity;inordertocastaneyeontheprovinces

    ihavesoanprovincesent50butthisisnotall;theyostshockingusury

    isofneyatro;butuldnot;becauseofthegabinianlaust;therefore;inquireintothenatureofthislaw

    assoonaslendinguponintereste;theyntrivedallsortofanstoeludethelaans;theyeloyedalatin;oranally;tolendhisna;andpersonatethe;andthepublicrelieved

    thepeopleplainedofthisartifitobeenactedtothispurport;thatinregardtoloansthelaancitizensshouldequallytakeplacebetizenandanally;oracitizenandalatin54

    atthattitheygavethenaofalliestothepeopleofitalyproperlysoanprovince

    itisanobservationoftacitus55thatnetted;selvesdebarredfroendingorborroeofanally;theysoonntrivedtoborroeinhabitantoftheprovinces

    toredythisabusetheyouslaustnaturallyhaverefleoneytobribethevotersitisplainthatthegabinianlaofrisuldnotborrooneyatrobesoney58atfourperentionedinthebondofthesalanians

    aslendinguponinterestanightthuslosesightofthedangeroflosingtheieyandastheyenofgreatpoe;agistratesandoverruledthelaboldenedtolend;andtoextortgreatusuryheneanpurposesof
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